Purpose of the articles posted in the blog is to share knowledge and occurring events for ecology and biodiversity conservation and protection whereas biology will be human’s security. Remember, these are meant to be conversation starters, not mere broadcasts :) so I kindly request and would vastly prefer that you share your comments and thoughts on the blog-version of this Focus on Arts and Ecology (all its past + present + future).

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Scientists Solve 22 Million-Year-Old Climate Puzzle --"Paleoclimate Events Can Predict Earth's Future"

November 16, 2017


PaleoClimate_SurfaceTemperatureWNH_Cropped1985x1081

The modern link between high carbon dioxide levels and climate change didn't appear to hold true for a time interval about 22 million years ago; but now a new study has found the link does indeed exist, settling a prehistoric puzzle, confirming the modern link
"The more we understand about the relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and global temperature in the past, the more we can plan for changes ahead," said geologist Tekie Tesfamichael, lead scientist and a Southern Methodist University postdoctoral fellow in Earth Sciences. "Previous work reported a variety of results and conflicting data about carbon dioxide concentrations at the two intervals of time that we studied," he said. "But tighter control on the age of our fossils helped us to address whether or not atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration corresponded to warming -- which itself is independently well-documented in geochemical studies of marine fossils in ocean sediments."
Fossil leaves from Africa have resolved a prehistoric climate puzzle -- and also confirm the link between carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and global warming. Research until now has produced a variety of results and conflicting data that have cast doubt on the link between high carbon dioxide levels and climate change for a time interval about 22 million years ago.
The finding will help scientists understand how recent and future increases in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide may impact the future of our planet, say the SMU researchers. The discovery comes from new biochemical analyses of fossil leaves from plants that grew on Earth 27 million years ago and 22 million years ago.
The new analyses confirm research about modern climate -- that global temperatures rise and fall with increases and decreases in carbon dioxide in our atmosphere -- but in this case even in prehistoric times, according to the SMU-led international research team.
Carbon dioxide, called carbon dioxide, is a gas that is normally present in the Earth's atmosphere, even millions of years ago. It's dubbed a greenhouse gas because greater concentrations cause the overall temperature of Earth's atmosphere to rise, as happens in a greenhouse with lots of sunlight.
Recently, greenhouse gas increases have caused global warming, which is melting glaciers, sparking extreme weather variability and causing sea levels to rise.
The new SMU discovery that carbon dioxide behaved in the same manner millions of years ago that it does today has significant implications for the future. The finding suggests the pairing of carbon dioxide and global warming that is seen today also holds true for the future if carbon dioxide levels continue to rise as they have been, said geologist Tekie Tesfamichael, lead scientist on the research.
The researchers reported their findings in Geology, the scientific journal of the Geological Society of America, in the article "Settling the issue of 'decoupling' between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature: [CO2]atm reconstructions across the warming Paleogene-Neogene divide."
Co-authors from SMU's Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences are professors Bonnie Jacobs, an expert in paleobotany and paleoclimate, and Neil Tabor, an expert in sedimentology and sedimentary geochemistry.
Other co-authors are Lauren Michel, Tennessee Technological University; Ellen Currano, University of Wyoming; Mulugeta Feseha, Addis Ababa University; Richard Barclay, Smithsonian Institution; John Kappelman, University of Texas; and Mark Schmitz, Boise State University.
The findings were possible thanks to the rare discovery of two sites with extraordinarily well-preserved fossil leaves of flowering plants from the Ethiopian Highlands of eastern Africa. Such well-preserved fossil leaves are a rarity, Tesfamichael said.
"Finding two sites with great preservation in the same geographic region from two important time intervals was very fortunate, as this enabled us to address the question we had about the relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and global temperatures," he said.
Scientists know that variations in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide affect carbon fixation in leaves during photosynthesis. This causes leaves to develop anatomical and physiological changes such as the frequency and size of stomata -- the pores on the surface of a leaf through which carbon passes.
Scientists can measure those attributes, among others, in fossil leaves, so that leaf fossils can be used as proxies for Earth's atmospheric carbon dioxide history.
The sites producing the leaves for the SMU study were discovered separately in years past, but major fossil collections were produced through field work coordinated by the SMU research team and their co-authors, who have been collaborating on this project for several years.
The work has had funding from the National Science Foundation, The National Geographic Committee for Research and Exploration, the SMU Ford Fellowship Program, SMU Research Council, the Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, and the Dallas Paleontological Society Frank Crane Scholarship.
The fossils are housed permanently in the collections at the National Museum of Ethiopia in Addis Ababa. Institutional and governmental support came from the National Museum of Ethiopia, the Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage, and Addis Ababa University.
One of the sites dates to the late Oligocene Epoch, and the other to the early Miocene.
Previous studies that measured ocean temperatures from around the world for the two intervals have firmly established a temperature difference on Earth between the two times, with one much warmer than the other. So the SMU study sought to measure the levels of carbon dioxide for the two time periods.
For the SMU analyses, fossil leaves of a single species were collected from the 27 million-year-old late Oligocene site. The leaves had been deposited during prehistoric times in the area of Chilga in northwest Ethiopia most likely at a river bank. The Earth's climate during the late Oligocene may have been somewhat warmer than today, although glaciers were forming on Antarctica. The SMU study found carbon dioxide levels, on average, around 390 parts per million, about what it is on Earth today.
Fossil leaves of the 22 million-year-old species from the early Miocene were collected from ancient lake deposits, now a rock called shale, from the modern-day Mush Valley in central Ethiopia. The early Miocene climate at that time was warmer than the late Oligocene and likewise the SMU study found higher carbon dioxide levels. Atmospheric carbon dioxide was about 870 parts per million, double what it is on Earth today.
The SMU study confirmed a relationship between carbon dioxide and temperature during the late Oligocene and early Miocene.
While carbon dioxide isn't the only factor affecting Earth's climate or global mean temperature, it is widely considered by scientists among the most significant. Much is known about climate change and global warming, but questions still remain.
"One of those is 'What's the sensitivity of the Earth's temperature to carbon dioxide concentration? Is it very sensitive? Is it not so sensitive?' Estimating temperature and carbon dioxide concentrations for times in the past can help find the answer to that question," Jacobs said. "There's a lot of work on paleoclimate in general, but not as much on the relationship between carbon dioxide and temperature."
The finding is an important one. "The amount of temperature change during this interval is approximately within the range of the temperature change that is estimated from climate models for our next century given a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration since the industrial revolution," Jacobs said.
With the new model reaffirming the prehistoric relationship, scientists can look now at related questions, said climate change scientist Lauren Michel, who worked on the study as a post-doctoral researcher at SMU.
"Answering questions about the rate of change and which factors changed first, for example, will ultimately give a clearer picture of the Earth's climate change patterns," Michel said. "I think it is valuable to understand the relationship of greenhouse gases and climate factors represented in the rock record so we can have a better idea of what we can expect in the future and how we can prepare for that."
SMU study confirms relationship that previous methods overlooked
Previous studies found little to no correlation between temperature and carbon dioxide for the late Oligocene and early Miocene. That has puzzled paleoclimate researchers for at least a decade.
"We have a good test-case scenario with these well-preserved plants from both time slices, where we know one time slice, with higher levels of carbon dioxide, was a warmer climate globally than the other," Tesfamichael said.
"It's been a puzzle as to why the previous methods found no relationship, or an inverse correlation," he said. "We think it's for lack of the well-dated proxy -- such as our fossil leaves from two precise times in the same region -- which deliver a reliable answer. Or, perhaps the models themselves needed improvement."
Previous studies used methodologies that differed from the SMU study, although all methods (proxies) incorporate some aspects of what is known about living organisms and how they interact with atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Some studies rely on biochemical modeling of the relationship between single-celled marine fossils and atmospheric carbon dioxide, and others rely on the relationship between stomata and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration observed in the living relatives of particular fossil plant species.
"Each method has its assumptions," said Tesfamichael. "We will see if our results hold up with further studies of this time interval using the same methodology we used."
The Daily Galaxy via Southern Methodist University
Click Here to Catch Up on Recent Most Viewed  Space & Science Posts

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Russia's Green Revolution

Hi Jon

This video introduces us to the new
eco-entrepreneurs, activists and
environmentalists in Russia.

At the state level, efforts like recycling
are just getting started. But eco-awareness
is bubbling up beautifully at the grassroots
level...

Video: 


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P.S. Please share NextworldTV.com emails and videos with your friends and colleagues.

That's how we grow. Thanks.

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How Increased Carbon Dioxide Levels Are Detrimental To Food And Nutrition


co2
The UN has announced record average levels of CO2. So states the annual flagship report released October 30 by its World Meteorological Organization. The average levels measured using ships, aircraft and land stations have reached over 400 parts per million (ppm), prompting the authors and other scientists to urge strong action.  At the 23rd Conference of the Parties (COP23) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) taking place Nov 6-17 at UNFCCC headquarters in Bonn, local and regional leaders have signed the Bonn-Fiji Commitment for faster climate action to help deliver the Paris Accords.  Such efforts are increasingly urgent.
That climate change will affect food production is intuitive. Rising global temperatures and the consequent extreme weather events and changes in climate patterns impact production, distribution and potential for spoilage. Some of the worst hurt will be people in a broad tropical belt of countries in Africa, Asia and the Americas. And ever more severe hurricanes and typhoons due to rising ocean temperatures will do their damage to coastal areas.
But there is another effect related to rising CO2 levels: Higher CO2 concentration stimulates plant growth. Plants are larger, producing more carbohydrates, but this fast growth lowers the concentration of protein and essential minerals. As this also affects food crops like rice, wheat, potatoes and vegetables, it is likely to impact negatively on nutrition and health.
As CO2 rises, plant stomata (pores that facilitate gas exchange) close up. Less water transpiring through the stomata results in less water from the roots, and less minerals brought up to build the proteins and vitamins.
Harvard study reports that under elevated concentrations of CO2 (eCO2) as projected for 2050-2100, protein content decreased as follows: rice (7.6 percent), wheat (7.8 percent), barley (14.1 percent) and potatoes (6 .4 percent). It estimated an additional 148 million of the world’s population could risk protein deficiency. Plant-based diets (such as those prevalent in India) increase vulnerability in the population. The study also projects that a billion-plus mothers and 354 million children could be affected by a dietary drop in iron and subsequent anemia.
The levels of CO2 have been rising steadily since the industrial revolution. In the nearly 60 years since 1958, they have increased from 316 ppm to the latest figure of 406.58 ppm measured on January 22, 2017. It is the highest figure in human history. The Harvard study noted above predicts CO2 to increase in the range 500-700 ppm for 2050-2100. Meanwhile, the US Global Change Research Program projects CO2 levels to reach anywhere from 540-958 ppm by 2100 — the latter figure a truly disconcerting scenario.
Vegetables too, are not immune. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), in studying the food content of 43 garden crops, found significant decline in nutrients. They found statistically reliable declines in protein, calcium, phosphorous, iron, riboflavin and ascorbic acid, ranging from 6 percent for protein to 38 percent for riboflavin. To maintain health, humans will have to supplement their diet with vitamins and minerals. It is a prospect not very feasible in the less developed countries, leaving those populations exposed to malnutrition and early death.
Irakli Loladze noted the effects of speeded up growth on plant nutrients while pursuing a Ph.D. at Arizona State University. The subject was green algae, and how, when they were bombarded with light, they grew faster. Yet the plankton that fed on it, and had now more than enough to eat, began to struggle to survive. The cause was soon evident. Speeded up growth had so reduced the nutritional content that the plankton could not eat enough to thrive.
Another way growth speeds up is through increased levels of atmospheric CO2, and that also increases levels of carbohydrates through plant sugars, thereby diluting other nutrients. Loladze had moved to a post-doctorate position at Princeton, and while there, published his findings as “Rising CO2 and Human Nutrition: Towards Globally Imbalanced Plant Stoichiometry.” It was the first to propose that rising CO2 levels cause a change in plant quality, reducing essential minerals and protein, thus affecting human nutrition. A later article backed up his assertions with solid research.
Many researchers are now involved in the area. Thus, a paper by Swedish and German academics published this year examined wheat crops under elevated levels of CO2. Its findings confirm increasing yields but decreasing nutrients, including significant reductions in the dietary important elements N, Fe, S, Zn and Mg.
If humans are impacted, then surely other species are as well. Lewis Ziska, a noted researcher with the USDA, planned an experiment to allay another concern: that of plant breeding and its effect on nutrients. He chose the goldenrod, a wild flower for which there is a long history. The Smithsonian has in its archive samples dating back as far as 1842. Since no human plant breeding is involved in the goldenrod, it afforded the Ziska team a clear path to look at environmental effects. They discovered the protein content had reduced by a third through increasing CO2.
It also happens the goldenrod is critical to bees. It flowers late and the protein in its pollen is an important source of nutrition for bees as they build themselves up to weather the winter. Thus, a drastic drop like a third of protein content could easily contribute to the serious decline in bee populations around the globe. Now with its own acronym, CCD for Colony Collapse Disorder, it continues, although thankfully has declined from a high of 60 percent in 2008 to 31.1 percent in 2013, as reported by beekeepers to the Environmental Protection Agency. Moreover, strenuous replenishment efforts by beekeepers have helped to stabilize somewhat these domesticated colonies. Of course, wild bee losses are another matter.  Bees are critically important as they pollinate over 80 percent of cultivated fruit, vegetable and grain crops, not to mention nuts, herbs, oils, forage for dairy and beef cattle, and medicinal plants.
One final sobering thought: The nutrient content of food is expected to continue to fall as CO2 levels increase this century. There is no doubt that this decline will impact a wide range of species, including us.
Author’s Note:  This article’s original version appeared first on truth-out.org
Dr Arshad M Khan (http://ofthisandthat.org/index.html) is a former Professor based in the U.S. whose comments over several decades have appeared in a wide-ranging array of print and internet media.  His work has been quoted in the U.S. Congress and published in the Congressional Record.
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Register now! Massive Open Online Course on National Adaptation Plans is starting today

 

 
Dear Climate-L Readers,
 
UNDP, FAO and UNITAR are pleased to announce that the 6-week massive open online course (MOOC) on National Adaptation Plans: Building Climate Resilience in Agriculture has started today!
 
During the course, you will have a chance to engage with global experts on climate change, and explore best practices, country examples and new approaches for building climate resilience in agriculture through an interactive video-based format. 
You will also meet Zipora and Alice - two women from different countries and cultures who share their stories about building climate resilient agricultural systems in Kenya and the Philippines. 
The MOOC is free and available to anyone. No prior knowledge is required to join the course. Upon completion of all required activities, you will receive a certificate from FAO, UNDP and UNITAR. 
The MOOC was developed in partnership with Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) as part of a work-programme of the Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans (NAP-Ag) Programme. Learn more about the NAP-Ag Programme at www.adaptation-undp.org/naps-agriculture and www.fao.org/in-action/naps. It was made possible by the generous funding of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) through its International Climate Initiative (IKI).
For more information and registration, please visit: http://bit.ly/NAPAgMOOC
About UN CC:Learn
UN CC:Learn is a partnership of more than 30 multilateral organizations supporting countries to design and implement systematic, recurrent and results-oriented climate change learning. Through its engagement, UN CC:Learn contributes to the implementation of Article 6 of the UNFCCC on training, education and public awareness-raising, and the 2012-2020 Doha Work Programme. Funding provided by the Swiss Government and UN partners. The Secretariat for UN CC:Learn is hosted by the UN Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).

UN CC:Learn Secretariat
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)
Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
T +41 22 917 8249 | F +41 22 917 8047
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Sign up for UN CC:Learn Newsletter!
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Farming Indoors In The Near Future

Hi Jon

Can growing food indoors in the middle of
a city be not only possible but profitable
as well?

That is the question for Bright Farms, who
have created several promising prototypes
of aquaponic farms in New York City.

These systems use somewhere between 5- 10 times
less water than conventional agriculture.

Bright Farm's goal is to see their greenhouses
on top of inner city supermarkets!

See how far they've come here:

Video: 


NextWorldTV.com

P.S. Please share NextworldTV.com emails and videos with your friends and colleagues.

That's how we grow. Thanks.

Next World TV
PO Box 145
Tivoli NY 12583
USA
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6 Genius Ways To Make Your Own Healthy Sweeteners At Home Using Whole Fruits

If you want to kick white sugar and weird artificial sweeteners, look no further than your fruit bowl!

November 7, 2017
natural sweeteners
© MICHAEL GRAYSON/ GETTY
If you're looking for an easy way to shed some pounds, kick the added sugar out of your diet. Americans swallow a whopping 13 percent of their daily calories from added sugars, which adds up to about 130 pounds per year.
But that doesn't mean you have to live a life of bland foods and no dessert. Just switch to healthier sweeteners—like fruit. Sweet enough on its own, "nature's candy" has the added benefit of adding fiber, vitamins, and minerals to your food, unlike nutritionally devoid white sugar or processed artificial sweeteners (which, according to recent research, can actually make you gain weight).
When you're making sweeteners from fruit, it helps to know which fruits are sweetest and which are on the low end of the sugar curve. Grapes are the sweetest, at about 18 percent sugar, ripe bananas come in at over 15 percent, sweet cherries are 14.6 percent, apples are 13.3 percent, and pears are 10.5 percent. Those are the best fruits to start with in the recipes below.
Here are six ways to use the high sugar content of fruit to your advantage:
(Slash your cholesterol, burn stubborn belly fat, solve your insomnia, and more—naturally!—with Rodale's Eat For Extraordinary Health & Healing!)

ADD A HIGH-SUGAR FRUIT

If you're baking a pie or something that uses fruit as a main ingredient, use a sweeter fruit, rather than white sugar, to boost its sweetness. For instance, try slicing some sweet apples, grapes, or a mashed overripe banana in with berries when baking pies or crumbles.

ADD A COOKED FRUIT SAUCE…

Just a little cooking and mashing or blending turns apples into applesauce, which you can use to replace at least some of the white sugar in breads, brownies, muffins, or other baked goods. Most fruits can be made into sauce by removing seeds or pits, simmering until soft in a small amount of water or juice, and either pureeing the result in a blender or mashing it by hand until it is as smooth as desired. Replace up to half the sugar with fruit sauce and reduce the other liquids by 2/3 as much.

…OR FRUIT BUTTER (MADE FROM FRESH OR DRIED FRUIT)

Simmer your fruit even longer, and it will get sweeter and thicker as more of the water cooks off. Eventually, you wind up with fruit butter. While a huge variety of fruit butters are available commercially, most contain added white sugar. Making your own from fresh organic fruit allows you to avoid that. Apple butter is the most common type, but you can make fruit butter from any fruit, whether fresh—grapes or pears—or dried—raisins, dried dates, prunes, or dried apples. Simmer dried fruit in a little water or fruit juice and blend until smooth. The benefit to using dried fruit is that it has a higher sugar content than fresh and can be as much as 70 percent sugar. You can replace all of the sugar with a really thick butter and reduce the other liquids by 1/3 the amount.
Get your sweet fix without all the sugar by making this chia berry jam:
The New Organic Farmers
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JUST ADD WHOLE DRIED FRUIT

Because it is so sweet, dried fruit on its own is a great way to sweeten up a fruit salad, baked goods, or even spaghetti sauce, without adding any extra steps. But some commercially available dried fruits have added sugar, so read ingredient lists. Or make your own in a dehydrator. If you need to chop larger pieces of stickier dried fruits—figs or dried dates, for instance—first toss them in some of the flour that will go into the recipe (for baking) or "grease" your knife with vegetable oil, or cut them using kitchen shears dipped frequently in cold water.

ADD FREEZE-DRIED FRUIT OR FRUIT POWDER

When you use freeze-dried fruit as a sweetener, you don't have to adjust the recipe as you would for a wetter product, and you can substitute it for sugar in a one-to-one ratio, unlike the other fruit-based sweeteners I've included. You can buy powdered freeze-dried fruit, which is super easy to add to all sorts of foods and beverages—just be sure to keep the container tightly closed to keep it dry until you use it or it will turn into a solid block as it soaks up moisture from the air—or you can make your own!
While making freeze-dried fruit requires expensive equipment not available to the home cook, a regular blender can handle a basic recipe. I experimented with bananas and yellow raisins, but you could make it with any fruit you like. However, fruits with lower sugar content—think bananas and apples—are easier to work with, as they get very dry and don't stick as much as sweeter fruits do. The bananas were very easy to make into powder and very sweet. The yellow raisins were a bit harder, as raisins are whole fruits with intact skins and it is hard to get them really dry.
My recipe for freeze-dried fruit powder:
Cut fresh fruit into ¼" slices or chop dried fruit roughly and dry it in a dehydrator or the oven with the door open a crack (my old gas oven will maintain a perfect 140°F temperature on its lowest setting) until the pieces are so dry they snap rather than bend. Place the over-dried fruit in an open dish in the freezer for a couple of hours until it is frozen hard.
When you're ready to create your powder, get your blender out and have a jar with a tight lid ready to put the finished powder into. Take about ¼ cup of frozen fruit out and leave the rest in the freezer. Blend until pulverized, quickly empty the powder into the jar, and pop the jar into the freezer. Speed is especially important— delay, and the powder will fuse into a block. Repeat until all your frozen fruit has been processed. Seal the jar and store it in the freezer to keep the powder from getting sticky.
The resulting product resembles brown sugar in texture when it warms up and can be used in any recipe that calls for brown sugar. Your freeze-dried fruit is also marvelous for adding concentrated flavor to all sorts of beverages and foods. Try it with not only fruits but veggies as well!

SWEETEN YOUR FOOD WITH FRUIT JUICE CONCENTRATES, OR "SYRUPS"

On their own, 100-percent fruit juices (check the labels; most fruit juices on the market have tons of added sugar) are best for sweetening drinks and sauces, but will water down baked goods or pies. But if you boil them down to about 1/3 to ¼ of the original volume, you wind up with a concentrate the consistency of honey that you can add to anything you like, from making drinks to topping breads or even topping pancakes. In fact, apple cider syrup or "boiled cider" used to be the go-to sweetener for people all along the Eastern Seaboard until the 1940s, when it got knocked off its pedestal by cheaper cane sugar.
My favorite way to make fruit concentrates is to start with homemade fruit nectar and leave all the fiber and nutritional goodness from the fruit intact. Here's a simple recipe for peach nectar, though you could use any fruit you like: Wash 1 pound of peaches; peel (if you have a powerful blender you can leave the skin on, which is the most nutritious part of the fruit), remove the pits, and cut into chunks. Place in a heavy-bottomed saucepan with 1 to 2 cups of water and simmer until the fruit is very soft. Blend until very smooth.
To make a concentrate, place the nectar in a heavy-bottomed saucepan and simmer it slowly until it is reduced to about 1/3 to ¼ of the original volume. Keep the heat very low and stir frequently (the thicker it gets the more prone it is to sticking and scorching).
To substitute fruit concentrate in recipes, use 2/3 cup of concentrate for each cup of sugar called for and reduce the amount of other liquids by 1/3. Add ¼ teaspoon baking soda per cup of concentrate in baked goods will help them rise. Just be sure to reduce any salt your recipe calls for by the same amount to correct the flavor.
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How To Brew Healthy Tea From 6 Different Kitchen Herbs

Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme aren't just song lyrics. They're the main ingredient for a variety of healthy teas!

November 8, 2017
rosemary tea
MARGARITA KOMINE/GETTY
The short, dark, chilly days of winter can make us long for something hot to sip in the evenings. And though you could start planning the number of tea bushes you'll plant to grow your own tea one day, chances are you’re looking for more immediate relief. A windowsill herb garden could be the answer.
"Most people don’t take full advantage of the herbs they have in their kitchens," says Leslie Alexander, a registered herbalist with the American Herbalists Guild and co-owner of Restoration Herbs in northwestern Pennsylvania. She says anything from sage to rosemary to ordinary basil can be used to make enjoyable, natural herbal teas. All you need is to steep a few teaspoons of the herb for several minutes. "The length of time depends on the herb in question," she notes, but 10 to 15 minutes normally does it.
(See how easy it is to grow your own remedies for joint pain, heartburn, cold symptoms, and 30+ other ailments with Rodale's Grow It Heal It!)
While herbs and herbal supplements can interfere with certain drugs such as heart disease or thyroid medications, a single cup of herbal tea won't come with a high enough dose to cause harm, says Alexander. However, drinking three or more cups a day could be a problem, so if you plan on drinking a lot, check with your pharmacist or doctor first.
Whichever type of herbal tea you brew, just be sure to enjoy it, says Alexander. "Part of being healthy is getting the nutrients from our food,” she says. “The other part is taking pleasure in it."
Here are six common herbs, along with simple directions for quickly turning them into healthy, tasty teas.
sage tea
WESTEND61/GETTY
Sage
Often recommended by herbalists as a salve for sore throats, laryngitis, and tonsillitis, sage may also boost your mood.
To brew sage tea, place two teaspoons of sage leaves into a teapot, add a cup of boiling water, and let steep for 10 minutes. Try pineapple sage for a tropical twist.
basil tea
RIMMA_BONDARENKO/GETTY
Basil
The primary ingredient in Indian Tulsi teas, basil is another proven mood booster. "Holy basil, Tulsi basil, Thai basil—they're all are pretty marvelous for making tea," says Alexander.
As with sage, steep one to two teaspoons of basil leaves per cup of water for 10 to 15 minutes. Look for interesting, tasty flavors such as chocolate and lemon.
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thyme tea
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Thyme
Instead of reaching for that nasty, goopy cough syrup, try an herbal tea concocted from thyme. German researchers have found that thyme acts as an expectorant (an agent that loosens mucus in your chest), so keeping a thyme plant on hand could help with coughs and colds this time of year.
Steep two teaspoons of fresh thyme in a cup of water for 10 minutes.
Here are 10 herbs that you can grow inside all year long:
10 Herbs To Grow Inside Year Round
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rosemary tea
MARGARITA KOMINE/GETTY
Rosemary
Central American folk healers may have used rosemary as an insect repellent, but contemporary herbalists believe it helps with upset stomachs, headaches, and bad breath, among other ailments.
Regardless, if you simply love the smell of rosemary, enjoy a tea made by steeping one teaspoon per cup of water for 10 to 15 minutes.
(Like what you're reading? Sign up for our newsletter to get health insights, clever kitchen tricks, gardening secrets, and more—delivered straight to your inbox. And follow along on Facebook and Instagram.)
peppermint tea
MAYA23K/GETTY
Peppermint
Many believe that peppermint and spearmint teas help settle your stomach after a heavy dinner. There's also evidence that peppermint can help with headaches because it calms muscle spasms.
Brew it by steeping one to two teaspoons of dried or fresh peppermint leaves per cup of water for 10 minutes.
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parsley tea
CREATIVE-FAMILY/GETTY
Parsley
Nope, it's not just for garnishes anymore. A study in the American Journal of Chinese Medicine found that parsley may help lower your blood pressure. Another study in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology reported that parsley may decrease allergy symptoms.
To make parsley tea, brew two teaspoons of the leaves or the roots, or one teaspoon of crushed seeds, per cup of water for 10 minutes.
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