Purpose of the articles posted in the blog is to share knowledge and occurring events for ecology and biodiversity conservation and protection whereas biology will be human’s security. Remember, these are meant to be conversation starters, not mere broadcasts :) so I kindly request and would vastly prefer that you share your comments and thoughts on the blog-version of this Focus on Arts and Ecology (all its past + present + future).

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A black hole first

April 28, 2023 

An international team led by Chinese astronomers has unveiled a new image of a supermassive black hole at the center of galaxy more than 50 million light years from Earth.

The image is the first of its kind to show the black hole's accretion disk and jet. The disk is made of rapidly rotating particles orbiting around the black hole, while the jet is accelerated particles traveling away from the black hole at nearly the speed of light.

The black hole has a mass 6.5 billion times greater than that of the Sun.

(Sources: China Report)

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'Silk Road Summit' being organized

April 28, 2023 

A city that was a key starting point of the ancient Silk Road will play host to the first summit between China and five Central Asian nations.

Foreign ministers from the six countries gathered April 27 in Northwest China's Xi'an to pave the way for the meeting, which is to take place there in May.

The summit will establish a mechanism for regular meetings among the heads of state.

Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Qin Gang hosted the diplomats from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. They reached a consensus on the need to safeguard peace and regional stability and to deepen cooperation.

China established diplomatic ties with the five countries 31 years ago, but historical ties date back to the ancient Silk Road.

Central Asia expert Ju Hao tells CGTN that relations are especially important now in light of the complicated global situation.

(Sources: China Report)

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Chinese citizens evacuated from Sudan

April 28, 2023 

Chinese naval ships have evacuated more than 1,300 Chinese nationals from Sudan to Saudi Arabia's Jeddah Port.

Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Mao Ning said on Thursday there were still a small number of Chinese in Sudan but outside the capital Khartoum, adding that the government would continue to offer them assistance.

Despite a temporary ceasefire, the United Nations called for an immediate end to fighting in Sudan and warned that shortages of essentials are becoming acute in the country.

Beijing has also assisted five other countries in evacuating their nationals. 

What is happening in Sudan? 

· The fighting that erupted between the army and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) on April 15 in Khartoum has derailed an internationally backed plan for a transition to civilian rule after the ouster in 2019 of Omar al Bashir, who seized power in a 1989 coup

· The conflict pits General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, the head of Sudan's ruling council who commands the army, against the RSF forces led by General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, also known as Hemedti, who is Burhan's deputy in the council

· What will be the regional economic impact of the crisis in Sudan? 

· Who are the key international players in the Sudan conflict?

· How is Sudan protecting its animals amid dwindling food and water supplies

· What is the timeline of instability in Sudan? 

· How did the conflict in Sudan start

· The humanitarian situation in Sudan "is now catastrophic," the UN has warned

· See how Sudan's civilians are caught in crossfire in the conflict among rival generals

More headlines:

· Chinese envoy calls on warring parties in Sudan to end hostilities

· It is the worst violence in Sudan since its independence 67 years ago

· Many Sudanese are staying inside as gunfire and explosions rock the country. Food and gas prices have increased significantly and there is little electricity and internet access. Hospitals are at capacity and people are lining up for water

· The U.N. has warned of a “high risk of biological hazard” after fighters seized the National Public Health Laboratory. The lab stores cholera and measles pathogens that are used for vaccinations

· More than 16,000 people from 50 countries, including 14,000 Sudanese, have arrived in Egypt from Sudan

· See how hundreds of residents waited for hours to escape the violence and uncertainty


Watch the video of one Chinese national's three-day long journey of escaping Sudan. 

(Sources: China Report)

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China the Peacemaker

 April 28, 2023

Ever since Xi Jinping visited Moscow in March, anticipation had been building about a possible contact between the Chinese president and Ukraine's Volodymyr Zelenskyy.

All speculation ended on April 26. President Xi spoke by telephone with Zelenskyy and assured him that China will always stand on the side of peace. He said China's core stance is to facilitate talks to end the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

President Xi also told Zelenskyy he would send a special envoy to Ukraine and other countries to talk with all parties about a political settlement. The diplomat is Li Hui, who served as China's ambassador to Russia from 2009 to 2019.

Zelenskyy welcomed China's search for a diplomatic solution and thanked President Xi for providing humanitarian assistance. He said the call was "long and meaningful" and predicted it would give a "powerful impetus" to bilateral relations. Afterwards, he announced the appointment of a new ambassador to Beijing, Pavlo Ryabikin.

Analysts suggest China is positioned well to help bring an end to the crisis because it maintains open dialogue and good relations with both sides. CGTN special commentator Keith Lamb notes, "Unlike other powers, China does not feed the conflict with armament sales, nor does it put pressure on the actors involved to continue fighting."

(Sources: China Report)

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Ecological redlines finalised

 This week’s big environmental story, April 21-27

China’s ecological conservation redlines have been fully laid out, the Ministry of Natural Resources announced on 22 April, Earth Day.

The redlines demarcate areas with important ecological functions, including coastal waters, wetlands, glaciers and forests. The aim is to protect these habitats and their species, while making gains for flood and sandstorm prevention, clean water provision and other ecosystem services.
 
The State Council first proposed “delineating ecological redlines” in 2011. Twelve years later, the redlines encompass at least 3.15 million square kilometres. That includes 3 million of land – 30% of China’s total land area – and 150,000 of sea, according to the ministry’s announcement.
 
Given their different geographies, some provinces’ redlines cover more than 50% of their total area, while for others it’s less than 10%.
 
The redlines will help establish the National Territory Spatial Planning System, being used as a basis for evaluating project planning applications.
 
Four days later, on 26 April, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE) announced that a platform for supervising the redlines had recently been put into operation. It draws on more than thirty satellites to automatically identify surface changes, and provide warnings of ecological damage risk.
 
In the works since 2018, the platform monitors human activities in real time, screening for suspected damage, and extracting relevant satellite images for human operators to inspect. 
 
Since 2020, five provinces (Tianjin, Hebei, Jiangsu, Sichuan, and Ningxia) have been piloting regional versions of the platform.
 
Gao Jixi, director of the Satellite Environmental Application Centre of the MEE, said that in 2020–2021 the regional platforms had identified 313 areas as suspect, and 298 of those were indeed caused by “real human activity changes”.

(Sources: China Dialogue)

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Can carbon markets help Africa meet its climate financing goals?

The African Carbon Markets Initiative, announced at COP27, raises more questions than it answers. 

Mikongo Forest in Gabon, one of the most densely forested nations on Earth (Image: Alamy)

Africa urgently needs climate finance to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Its negotiators have asked for between US$750 billion and $1.3 trillion per year by 2025. This is an ambitious goal considering the failure of global north nations to meet the pledge made in 2009 to provide $100 billion in climate finance per year by 2020.

At last year’s UN climate talks, COP27, African negotiators were at the forefront of the conversation over compensation for loss and damage caused by climate change. They argued that global north countries, which bear an overwhelming responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions, must compensate poorer nations. This decades-long demand finally resulted in agreement over a Loss and Damage Fund to support the most climate-vulnerable countries.

Against this backdrop, COP27 also saw the launch of the African Carbon Markets Initiative, designed to turbo charge the growth of voluntary carbon markets in Africa. Proponents say carbon markets can play a vital role in ensuring African communities receive the necessary financial support amid the climate emergency.

Damilola Ogunbiyi is the UN secretary-general’s special representative for Sustainable Energy for All, an international organisation involved in launching the initiative. She says it will be a “transformational opportunity for Africa,” with potential to “unlock billions in climate finance to support economies while expanding energy access, creating jobs, safeguarding biodiversity, and driving climate action.”

Its detractors argue that carbon markets are ineffective, often poorly regulated, and a distraction from the unmet climate finance obligations of global north countries to the global south.

Carbon markets for Africa

The objectives of the African Carbon Markets Initiative are to:

  • Expand the sale of African carbon offset credits about 19-fold by 2030
  • Create or support 30 million jobs by 2030, and more than 100 million by 2050
  • Mobilise $6 billion per year by 2030, and more than $100 billion per year by 2050, through trade in African carbon credits
  • Ensure revenue from credits is distributed equitably

Voluntary carbon markets allow greenhouse gas emitters to offset their difficult-to-avoid emissions by purchasing carbon offset credits created by projects that remove or avoid emissions. For example, an airline may purchase offset credits created by a reforestation project, or a cement producer may buy credits from a project that prevents deforestation. The complexity lies in quantifying how much carbon a project has removed or avoided, and how much the associated offsets should cost. How, for instance, is the 1.5 billion tonnes of CO2 soaked up each year by trees in the Congo Basin calculated and priced?

To begin with, the African Carbon Markets Initiative will facilitate voluntary carbon markets. These need four main components: carbon offset project developers, standard-setting bodies, exchanges and marketplaces, and buyers.

Project developers set up operations that seek to avoid emissions, such as from petrol use or landfill decomposition, or remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, such as by tree planting or direct air capture. These projects are evaluated by an independent verification body to ensure they meet the requirements of a standards setter. Once certified, carbon offset credits equivalent to the amount of CO2 avoided or removed from the atmosphere are issued to the project. One offset credit usually represents one tonne of CO2 equivalent. The developer then sells the offsets to companies, governments or individuals, usually via an exchange or broker.

Most African carbon offsets and carbon credits are sold through these voluntary carbon markets. Only South Africa operates a “compliance market” – which deals with trade in carbon credits created by the need to comply with regulations. The African Carbon Markets Initiative believes that expanding voluntary markets is the best way to increase the transfer of funds from the global north to Africa. These funds, the initiative argues, can then be used to support development projects such as clean cooking stoves, and efforts to expand energy access – a major priority for African leaders calling for climate justice.

To date, multilateral organisations have been driving carbon offset schemes in Africa. Since 2010, the African Development Bank (AfDB), through its African Carbon Support Programme, has worked to identify and fund appropriate projects. These include the Windiga solar PV project in Burkina Faso and a cable car system aimed at reducing fossil fuel use in Lagos, Nigeria. The World Bank, too, has supported similar projects in different countries. More recently, innovative companies have joined the fray, such as SunCulture, a Kenyan climate tech company selling solar-powered irrigation systems, and KOKO Networks, a company that works on replacing charcoal-burning – a major driver of deforestation across Africa – with cleaner cooking fuels. African governments are paying attention. In 2021, the heavily forested nation of Gabon announced it was launching the world’s largest sale of carbon offset credits. But some experts believe the potential of Africa’s carbon markets “is far from being realised.”

The Ethiopia–Kenya power interconnector, a project under the ADB’s African Carbon Support Programme (Image: Rod Waddington / FlickrCC BY-SA 2.0)

Currently, carbon offset trading in Africa faces several challenges. Project developers are few, in part because of the expertise and financial investment required to run credit-generating enterprises. Also, government regulation is a huge barrier. For example, many African landowners do not have formal titles to their land, making it difficult to guarantee the lifespan of a project. Meanwhile, validating and verifying projects in Africa can be very expensive and time consuming. Of the roughly 40 validation/verification bodies listed as accredited by Verra, Gold Standard and CDM – the world’s leading carbon offset and credit standard setters – only two have offices on the continent. To compound the challenges for project developers, intermediaries who broker deals and are mostly based outside the continent can charge up to 70% of the value of an offset credit, reducing financing coming to Africa and revenues to local communities.

The African Carbon Markets Initiative has a number of action plans to try and resolve these challenges. It says it will work with African governments committed to scaling voluntary carbon markets, helping them understand the potential and connecting them with providers of both technical assistance and funding. It says it will set up an accelerator to support promising nascent project types, especially those that are technology-based, by providing technical assistance and facilitating access to potential investors and international developers of similar projects.

The action plans include building capacity for validating and verifying projects on the continent, helping to pioneer innovative financing mechanisms for project developers, and promoting quality African carbon offsets to buyers across the world.

Joseph Nganga, a vice president at the Global Energy Alliance for People and Planet, believes the initiative “can help us achieve a more rapid and equitable energy transition for Africa, a transition that supports lives and livelihoods with clean, reliable energy while countering the existential threat of our time, climate change.”

The initiative is currently collecting feedback from the public and refining its proposed roadmap. A January press release from Sustainable Energy for All stated that the initiative aims to launch a number of “country activation plans” by COP28 in late November this year.

Loopholes and distractions

Not everyone is sold on the potential of carbon markets on the continent.

“We need to focus on cutting down emissions and staving off a disaster,” Philip Jakpo, director of programmes at Corporate Accountability and Public Participation Africa, an advocacy group, tells China Dialogue. “We see the initiative as another distraction from the real solution to climate change: cutting down emissions, not financialising the climate.”

Bassey Nnimmo, director of the ecological thinktank Health of Mother Earth Foundation, echoes Jakpo’s point, and argues the initiative has “nothing new” to offer. Instead of investing in carbon markets, Nnimmo emphasises that the climate debt owed to Africa must be paid. “Someone has to accept liability for global warming and pay for it,” he said.

There are human rights concerns too. Carbon credit and offset projects have been linked to serious rights violations across the world. Between 2010 and 2011, 23 farmers were allegedly murdered in Honduras over a land dispute with owners of UN-accredited palm oil plantations. In Chile, a dam project touted as a source of clean energy and validated for carbon credits, was found to have flouted environmental guidelines. In Kenya, thousands were evicted from their ancestral lands for a carbon offset project. Meanwhile, despite their huge costs for communities, many offset and credit projects do not actually reduce or avoid emissions.

“Carbon offsets have an extremely poor record,” says Luciana Téllez, an environment researcher at Human Rights Watch. “We mustn’t forget governments and businesses have been experimenting with offsets for more than a decade, with little to show for their effectiveness.” She mentions a case in the Republic of the Congo where families can no longer afford to send their children to school after a tree-planting project – for carbon offsetting – commissioned by oil giant Total barred them from their fields. “This disaster in Congo is a taste of what to expect if the African Carbon Markets Initiative launched at COP27 takes off,” Tellez said.

Her comments underscore the importance of regulation, monitoring and scrutiny in carbon markets, all of which are challenging in the African context.

A spokesperson for the initiative was unable to offer comments on the concerns about it. In its working roadmap, the initiative acknowledged Africa’s uncertain regulatory landscape, especially as it pertains to land rights. To foster the growth of voluntary carbon markets on the continent, it promised to seek “clarification of land use regulation for developers and communities operating in nature-based projects.” The document also acknowledged that “there are significant global concerns over the integrity of carbon credits” and “broader concerns that the existence of voluntary carbon markets acts as a licence” to continue business as usual. “These concerns must be accounted for and addressed to ensure that African carbon markets develop with high integrity,” the roadmap states.

In a press release, Bogolo Kenewendo, a member of the initiative’s inaugural steering committee, cautions that to deliver on its objectives, the initiative must operate “with integrity, equity and transparency.”

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Where China’s food policies and climate goals meet

A mix of government initiatives, marketing and consumer choice can help cut emissions from China’s food system. 

Buying vegetables in a Shanghai food market. China’s latest dietary guidelines encourage citizens to consume “plenty of vegetables, fruits, dairy, whole grains and soybeans” (Image: Alamy)

There is no kitchen waste at Li Yan’s restaurant: everything gets eaten, reused or composted.

There is no fixed menu, either. The 40-year-old chef buys seasonal local produce fresh from market vendors every day, carrying a bamboo basket on his back. Most elements in the dishes are made from scratch, whether it’s curry paste or bread. Li and his team also make bars of soap using recycled cooking oil.

Li is the co-founder of Bistro & Bowl in Dali, Yunnan province, one of China’s first restaurants to promote a philosophy of sustainable and climate-friendly food.

Although not a strictly vegetarian restaurant, one of its main draws is its variety of plant-based dishes, which usually make up more than three-quarters of the daily menu. Recent hits have included a salad with local goat’s cheese and broccoli, and rice steamed with potato wrapped in lotus leaves. Meat dishes such as beef bourguignon have also featured, but Li only sources free-range meat from local farms.

Li says he wants to use his skills to guide people to eat more healthily and sustainably for the benefit of the Earth. “If I did not do this, I would feel guilty for many, many years,” he tells China Dialogue.

Menu at the Bistro & Bowl restaurant (Image: Li Yan)

According to a study published in Nature Food, more than one-third of the world’s human-caused greenhouse gas emissions comes from the food system, meaning all steps related to farming, processing, transporting, consuming and disposing of food.

Yet, most governments are overlooking the potential emissions savings that could be realised by transforming this system.

China is home to the world’s largest food system, which was responsible for roughly 13.5% of its greenhouse gas emissions in 2019. The current priority, however, is ensuring food security: in its first document released in 2023, the central government called for “enhanced efforts to stabilise production and ensure the supply of grain and other important agricultural products”. Meanwhile, President Xi Jinping has stressed the significance of food security and increased self-sufficiency – “holding the bowl safely in one’s own hand” – while also “developing ecological and low-carbon agriculture”.

Balancing this food security drive with the country’s emissions reductions goals will be a delicate task – one which experts suggest rests heavily on the plate of government and producers, and the policies and changes they choose to serve up. But consumers also have a seat at the table, and bottom-up action, such as Li’s efforts, could be transformational.

The power of the chef

Li came to understand the impact of the food system on biodiversity and climate during a cooking competition he took part in – and won – in 2020. The event was organised by Good Food Fund, a Chinese non-profit promoting the sustainable transformation of food systems.

Li, who had been a chef for nearly 20 years by then, was shocked to learn about the implications of industrialised farming and animal rearing for the planet. He also learned about how sustainable farming, cooking and dining could improve global ecology, tackle climate change and enable people to live more healthily.

“I had never thought that chefs could have so much power,” Li says. “I suddenly realised that I should do what I could to contribute to a better future for the Earth. I felt a sense of responsibility.”

In May 2021, Li and his business partner opened Bistro & Bowl in the popular tourist town of Dali. In one of the most biodiverse regions in China, the restaurant duly looks to follow the sustainability principles outlined in the Good Food Fund’s Good Food Pledge, an initiative that promotes a low-carbon lifestyle, healthy eating, seasonal produce and reductions in food waste.

A vertical herb garden at Bistro & Bowl (Image: Li Yan)

Li grows more than 10 types of herbs in-house, including oregano and mint, fertilised using a liquid created with fermented food waste from the kitchen. The restaurant is also a certified participant of “Meatless Monday” through the Good Food Fund, which itself is the official Chinese partner of the global movement encouraging people to practise a plant-based diet one day a week, so as to improve personal health and the environment.

The actions taken at Bistro & Bowl are also real-life reflections of policies and documents released by the Chinese government, including an anti-food waste law introduced in 2021 and the latest dietary guidelines published in 2022 by the Chinese Nutrition Society, a national non-profit, under the guidance of the National Health Commission.

Although none of these directives were published with the direct aim of reducing carbon emissions and tackling climate change, their combined results could bring climate-positive impacts, various experts have told China Dialogue.

Curbing food waste

Elizabeth Robinson is a professor and director of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics. She tells China Dialogue that only 40% of emissions from China’s food system come from actual production, with the remaining 60% relating to processes and actions before and after this stage.

“There are opportunities to reduce emissions along the whole chain,” Robinson says. “In pre-production, fertilisers are an obvious example because you generally make them out of fossil fuels.” Nitrogen fertilisers, for example, are made by mixing nitrogen from the air with hydrogen from natural gas. “As for post-production,” Robinson adds, “one of the big problems is food waste.”

Wasting food is a global problem that has serious climate implications. A 2021 report by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) estimated that roughly 17% of global food production may be wasted, including 11% in households, 5% in catering and 2% in retail (figures are rounded).

“If food loss and waste were a country, it would be the third biggest source of greenhouse gas emissions,” Inger Andersen, executive director of UNEP, wrote in the report.

In China, more than 35 million tonnes of food are lost while being stored, transported and processed each year, according to statistics quoted by China Youth Daily. At restaurants, 11.7% of food is wasted by customers, averaging 93 grams per person per meal, the newspaper reports.

China has taken a series of actions to tackle food waste over the past two years to safeguard food security and promote sustainable economic and social development, among other goals.

In August 2020, Xi ordered the country to “resolutely put an end to wasting food”. The following April, the anti-food waste law was introduced, instructing all levels of government to “enhance leadership”, “determine targets and tasks” and “establish a work mechanism” to tackle food waste.

Robinson calls this “a really important policy” and notes that reducing waste can help cut emissions in two ways.

First, food production generates greenhouse gas emissions, such as those associated with fertilisers, mechanisation, rice paddies and even cows’ burping. “Producing that food just to throw it away has a big emissions implication,” she explains.

Second, if food waste ends up in landfills and is broken down by bacteria via anaerobic digestion, methane is emitted.

By simply reducing food waste, Robinson says, “there is a tremendous opportunity to reduce emissions without even changing how we farm or how we eat.”

‘Poultry-multiplying plan’

The Chinese government has also been guiding its citizens to adopt more balanced and diverse diets, though largely for health reasons.

In April last year, the country updated its dietary guidelines, mentioned above, which encourage citizens to consume “plenty of vegetables, fruits, dairy, whole grains and soybeans”, to eat “appropriate amounts of fish, poultry, eggs and lean meat” and to “limit intake of salt, oil, sugar and alcohol”.

Late last year, Xi called on the country to establish a “big food concept”, which aims to promote food diversity on both the production and consumer sides, in a key government report.

Meat consumption in China is expected to continue increasing. Amid this growth, various Chinese reports and research have been encouraging citizens to eat more poultry, instead of pork, beef or lamb, for health, to save animal feed and to protect the environment – while still meeting demand.

For example, in an article explaining the “big food concept”, Globe, a magazine affiliated to state media outlet Xinhua, underscored the importance of choosing white meat over red meat, a major driver of obesity in China.

A flagship report on the agricultural industry’s development, published by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), also highlighted the benefits of such a swap, as Beijing News reported. It also proposed a “poultry-multiplying plan”.

Mei Xurong, vice-president of CAAS, was quoted saying that poultry was healthier and more efficient in terms of animal feed and emissions than pork (which is the most consumed meat in the country). Mei said modelling showed that nearly 28 million tonnes of feed and over 7 million tonnes of carbon emissions would be saved if the country doubles its poultry production and uses this to replace pork, keeping overall meat production the same.

Alternatively, Mei continued, if the country maintains current beef and lamb production levels and uses additional poultry output to satisfy growing meat demand – as well as replacing some pork production – it would, according to modelling, save over 30 million tonnes of carbon emissions and nearly 15 million tonnes of feed in the year 2030.

Graphic: Harry Zhang / China Dialogue

A 2018 study published in Science magazine estimated that the greenhouse gas emissions per 100 grams of protein for pork production can be as low as one-seventh of those from beef. Emissions from poultry production, meanwhile, were estimated to be even lower, at about three-quarters those of pork per 100 grams of protein.

Globally, red meat production is the largest driver of greenhouse gas emissions from food. However, concern has also been raised over any global chicken-for-beef shift. A surging poultry industry would itself impact the environment, through air and water pollution, degradation of arable land, habitat destruction and other damages. 

Haseeb Bakhtary is a senior consultant at Climate Focus, a thinktank headquartered in Amsterdam. He says it is hard to set a universal rule for people’s eating behaviours for health or environmental reasons because diets are “culturally and geographically specific”.

“What we need to reduce in Europe is meat consumption. We also need to stop wasting food at the household level, buy less and eat less [food] and replace the unhealthy components in our diets with healthy foods,” he tells China Dialogue.

“But there are many other countries in the world where people don’t have access to enough animal-based protein, for example. There, there may need to be balance to increase their meat consumption to a healthy level.”

Top-down vs bottom-up

So far, emissions reduction efforts in China’s food system have largely been driven by government policies on the production side. However, some experts believe consumers have an equally important role.

“In terms of reducing emissions and tackling climate change, many people think these are matters for the government and, therefore, require government policies and technological improvement to push forward the agenda,” Hou Bing, executive director of the Good Food Fund, tells China Dialogue.

But Hou points out that “past practices” and the findings of the latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – which highlighted the insufficient global pace and scale of climate action plans – show that “emissions-reduction targets cannot be realised solely by top-down policies from the government and technological improvement”.

“To lead to changes, it also needs bottom-up [actions] and joint efforts and participation from multiple parties, such as the government, commercial and social organisations, as well as the general public,” Hou explains.

Giant TVs promote the­ Clean Plate anti-food waste campaign at a hotpot restaurant in Chongqing. The slogans read “Eat clean / Eat politely / Eat hygienically / Eat sensibly / Eat legally”. (Image: Wang Quanchao / Alamy) 

“Not only the formulation of policies needs to be based on public opinion: their promotion and final implementation will also need to depend on the levels of public understanding and acceptance.”

Hou points to the anti-food-waste campaign promoted in recent years as “an exemplary practice to showcase the joint power of policy and public opinion”.

Patty Fong, programme director of Climate and Health & Wellbeing at the Global Alliance for the Future of Food, tells China Dialogue that food systems, especially those linked to global value chains, are “locked into a system” that affects both production practices and consumption patterns. “We must look at them together holistically,” she says.

Fong thinks consumers do have a role. However, their “food environment” must be factored in, meaning, for example, what types of food are affordable or cheap, and what is being advertised to them.

“There is a role for marketers or retailers. There’s also a role for caterers – whether it’s chefs and restaurants, or healthcare, hospitals and schools,” Fong notes.

Bakhtary points out the importance of public policy: “I am usually hesitant to shift the responsibility of transforming the food system onto consumers… behaviour change takes a long time.”

He says that public policy and regulation will have “a larger and more significant effect and impact” than consumer-led efforts. Ideally, grassroot initiatives and public policy should work hand-in-hand to help the food system transform from different angles, he adds.

Robinson describes three main types of environmental policies that governments can use: rules and regulations, taxes and subsidies, and nudges. “Generally,” she adds, “a combination of all three works best.”

The professor says the whole food system is often not set up for consumers to “actually be empowered to make the right choices”, and that the right policies are essential to enable people to “make good choices that are aligned with healthy eating, healthy environments and animal welfare”. As China and countries around the world strive to improve their food systems and meet climate goals, government policy is therefore “very important”: regulation, Robinson adds, can level the playing field.

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