By: Libby Leonard, Edited by Chris McDermott, February 9, 2023
During the pandemic, many turned to gardening as a refuge. According to a survey, while many did it because they were concerned about food access and food security, others also said it was mainly a way to feel less isolated and depressed, and as a way to grow food for the community.
So many people turned to “pandemic gardening” that seed companies couldn’t keep up with the demand. During this time, the practice of saving seeds also started growing in popularity, but why is it important?
Traditionally, the process of saving seeds has been practiced for thousands of years, particularly in Indigenous communities who rely on crops not just for food, but for social and cultural purposes. It has been and still is not only an investment in future harvests, but a critical lifeline to the environment, food security, and the preservation of cultures.
However, a staggering 93% of seed varieties have been lost to what’s popular over the last century due to industrial agriculture alongside agrochemical companies and multinational corporations who now own the rights to a large share of the world’s seeds. This has been putting local relational foodways under threat, thus making seed saving and seed sovereignty emerge as a critically important part of our future.
Before we get into more details, here are some facts:
FACTS
● Seed saving is beneficial for agricultural biodiversity, which is essential to a healthy ecosystem, and a healthy nutritionally dense, sustainable food supply.
● 93% of seed varieties have been lost to what’s popular over the last century due to industrial agriculture alongside monopolies from agrochemical companies and multinational corporations who now own the rights to a large share of the world’s seeds.
● Four corporations now control 60% of global proprietary seed sales.
● According to the Food and Agricultural Organization, 75% of the current global food supply can only be traced back to 12 plants and five animal species.
● Focusing on just a few foods makes our food system less resilient to threats like disease, pests, and climate change.
● Seed sovereignty is the right of a farmer to save, use, exchange, and sell his or her own seeds and addresses the ownership of seeds while a large majority of them are property of corporations, which threatens many farmers and Indigenous communities’ ability to save local seeds that have existed in their communities for centuries.
Seed Saving and Biodiversity
While saving seeds is important in terms of farmers being able to grow a particular crop in the future, seed saving is also a critical move in terms of not letting certain varieties of grains, fruits, vegetables and flowers die out.
In 1903, there were 500 different varieties of lettuce — now there are only 36. The same steep decline goes for squash, sweet corn, tomatoes, cucumbers, and other vegetables.
As 93% of seed varieties have been lost due to industrial agriculture, the corporate monopoly on the seed industry, and catastrophic events, certain seeds are currently endangered as 30 different crop species supply 90% of what we eat.
Relying on a small number of crop varieties also makes the food system vulnerable to droughts, pests, and diseases.
Now as climate change gets worse, crop failures are expected to increase with crop diversity playing an integral role in addressing this issue, since diverse crops have qualities that possess resilience and the ability to adapt to adverse conditions.
Seeds and Capitalism
The rise of industrial agriculture in the 1800s pushed farmers to grow a high volume of crops for profit, which has ultimately been at the cost of the environment, reportedly destroying the health of soils, and also the cost of public health of humans and wildlife with the increasing need for toxic pesticides and chemical fertilizer.
Until the last few decades, the development and distribution of seeds in the U.S. was part of the public sector and enacted by hundreds of small seed-breeder businesses (often family-run), which acted as distributors of publicly developed seed varieties. Now peasant seeds, which is the term used for seeds processed by farmers, have been displaced by industrial seeds.
In 1970, the Plant Variety Protection Act granted companies a certificate ownership of seeds, which was followed by the 1980 Supreme Court case Diamond v. Chakrabarty, which allowed seeds patent protections, prevented several farmers from saving seeds, and kept breeders from using patented seeds to breed new plant varieties.
Seed breeding is now largely done at public universities or private laboratories, and corporations now produce easy-to-grow genetically modified (GMO) seeds that produce high yields, but only provide results for one harvest, forcing farmers to buy new seeds annually. These four corporations — Bayer, Corteva, ChemChina, and BASF — control 60% of the world’s seed supply. Usually, with Bayer and Corteva, buyers must sign agreements that prohibit them from saving seeds from their crops to exchange or resow the following year. Doing so would be violating intellectual property law.
Right now as biodiversity is more necessary in our warming world, industrial agriculture and these monopolies on seeds that aren’t climate adaptable are increasingly detrimental to the environment and food security.
Mariam Mayet, director of the African Center for Biodiversity in South Africa, told DW that she wants exceptions to seed legislation to allow for farmers’ autonomy to preserve Indigenous agriculture that is “the bedrock to ensure ecological integrity, sustainability of nature, biodiversity, landscapes and ecosystems.”
Other Seeds That Can Be Saved
Despite these monopolies, others still sell and share seeds which can be saved, such as organic seed companies that sell seeds free of GMOs and chemical pesticides. It should be noted that hybrid seeds, that are a cross between two different plants of the same species or type and cross-pollinated by hand, can also not be saved.
Organic seeds are known to be stronger, disease resilient, and able to thrive in adverse conditions.
Heirloom seeds possess the same qualities. Heirloom seeds are particularly special, because they are passed down through generations and consist of crop varieties that have existed for more than 50 years. To retain its original traits from one to the next, heirloom seeds must be open-pollinated by insects, birds, the wind or other ways, and produce plants with the most characteristics of their parent plant with the capacity to produce higher yields.
Many of these seeds come with uniquely intimate stories about the people, cultures and places from all over the world, some of which could’ve been lost to time if it weren’t for seed banks preserving some of these seeds.
Indigenous Seed Sovereignty
Up until the past two centuries or so, seed saving was the norm in Indigenous communities, with seedkeepers within those communities taking on the task of passing seeds and their stories down from one generation to the next.
“As many varieties of these crops exist, so do the variety of traditional stories and cultures surrounding them,” Shiloh Maples told Life and Thyme, adding that “the practices of seed keepers also make them historians and cultural memory-keepers, passing on the stories of how Indigenous peoples and their plant kin have evolved through millennia together on this shared landmass.”
Maples is the Upper Midwest regional coordinator for the Indigenous Seed Keepers Network, whose mission is to support the growing Seed Sovereignty Movement across Turtle Island (North America) by providing resources, training, organizing, and advocacy on seed policy issues, while creating the foundation for ethical seed stewardship. They also help tribal communities protect their seeds from patenting and bio-piracy.
Seed Sovereignty is the right of a farmer to save, use, exchange, and sell his or her own seeds.
Seed Rematriation
Currently, seed rematriation is one of the most important efforts towards seed sovereignty. An intergenerational movement led by Indigenous women, who have traditionally been the caretakers of seeds, it’s the process through which seeds are returned to their origins and ancestral grounds, and have been returning to communities from vaults of public institutions, seed banks, and universities and seedkeepers’ collections and of elders.
The need for rematriation is due to 16th century colonization when Indigenous people were violently displaced from their land and foodways. In addition to the consequences of forced assimilation, it is believed that some seeds and their stories have been lost forever, but current projects are bringing what’s left to where they belong.
Some of the rematriation efforts have been taken on by the Seed Savers Exchange, an Iowa-based nonprofit that preserves heirloom plant varieties through regeneration, distribution, and seed exchange, and has been working with Indigenous farmers and Indigenous communities to return seeds into production.
In 2018, the Seed Savers Exchange and the Native American Food Sovereignty Alliance established an agreement to collaborate where 25 native varieties of corn, beans, and squash would go back to tribal communities. The process has brought together Native farmers and seed keepers and stakeholders from other seed-rematriation projects happening in regional seed banks, museums, and universities in order to develop a framework for others wishing to also engage in this process.
This process not only revives and ensures their traditional foodways for generations to come, but revives ancestral knowledge, and begins to repair some of the trauma from the forced disconnect.
“Our seeds are our relatives,” Maples explains. “They’re living beings, so we need to treat them with the utmost respect.”
Policy
In 2018, the United Nations codified the right to seed in a Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas (UNDROP). The legal document grants small landowners and agricultural laborers protection over conservation activities in order for rural people to “maintain, control, protect, and develop their own seeds and traditional knowledge.” It also says there is a state obligation to support peasant seed systems and promote their use of seeds and biodiversity.
As many individuals and organizations continue to fight for public access, still many nations and governments, particularly the U.S., protect enterprise and give the upper hand to corporate monopolies of seed and plant materials, which threaten small farmers, breeders and researchers who want to save and share important seeds. However, most of the laws created to regulate commercial seed exchange do not address free sharing of seeds.
In February 2022, Nepal began a new seed policy that favors hybrid seeds, but also enables local seed companies to conduct research and release new varieties, expands local production on hybrid and non-hybrid seeds, and supports the nation’s food security by increasing the seed and varietal replacement rate.
Currently, the Organic Seed Alliance, a nonprofit in Port Townsend, Washington, is helping to push for U.S. policy changes in 2023 with an accessible roadmap for policymakers to help resist privatization of seeds and increase investments in public plant breeding as a climate change solution, as well as support ecological seed production by expanding organic seed acreage, amongst several other things.
In the meantime, seed banks and libraries are popping up all over the world to help bring greater access, education, and conservation of seeds.
Seed Banks
Seed banks store seeds to protect their biodiversity for the future. There are around a thousand around the world, with the largest located in the tundra near the Arctic Circle in Svalbard, Norway. Said to contain 13,000 years of agricultural history, this bank, which has been dubbed the “doomsday vault,” is in place to abate localized threats to other gene banks and is a backup system for global plant resources.
The idea was conceived by Cary Fowler, a former executive of Crop Trust, an international food security nonprofit headquartered in Germany. It was only enacted after the UN’s International Seed Treaty in 2001.
The seeds in the vault are of wild and old varieties not currently in use. However, the genetic diversity in the vault could also provide DNA traits to develop new strains to adapt to regional challenges like higher temperatures or new pests or diseases.
Another large seed bank located in Sussex, England is an underground seed bank at the Royal Botanical Gardens, containing more than 2.4 million seeds from around the world. The seed bank in Fort Collins, Colorado, is said to contain 850,000 plant seeds and materials.
A few others that have more focused varieties are the International Potato Center in Lima, Peru, the International Rice Institute in the Philippines, and the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture in Nigeria.
Other Seed Saving Initiatives
There are also several other organizations all over the world that have dedicated their mission to conserving seed biodiversity. This is a select group from several around the world.
Based in Iowa, this nonprofit founded in 1975 is one of the largest nongovernmental seed banks in the U.S., and conserves heirloom plant varieties. It does so through seed exchange, regeneration, and distribution. They are also passionate about connecting generational stories behind the seeds in an effort to preserve culture and have a seed saver’s exchange, where gardeners and seed stewards can swap rare varieties of seeds.
Alliance of Native SeedKeepers
North America’s foremost Indigenous source for rare heirloom non-GMO vegetable, flower, and herb garden seeds, this alliance seeks to grow sovereignty through a seed revolution with a vision where Indigenous communities can live with the security of food, health, culture, environment, unity, and justice.
Located in Amsterdam, ASEED (Action for Solidarity, Equality, Environment, and Diversity Europe) campaigns for the preservation of cultural and biological diversity, and supports the sovereignty of individuals and communities, while also exploring alternatives to the industrial food system. They provide training and knowledge sharing with various partners worldwide.
Hawai’i Public Seed Initiative
Founded in 2010 by The Kohala Center on Hawai’i Island, this initiative works with communities, farmers, and gardeners across the archipelago to select, grow, harvest, store, and improve seed varieties that thrive in Hawai‘i. They conduct research, education, and outreach programs to identify and conserve seed varieties in Hawai’i’s various climates. Workshops held across the islands gather together hundreds of farmers and gardeners in the region.
Located in Germany, this international organization funds the world’s largest seed banks through their endowment fund, to ensure the conservation and availability of crop diversity for food security all over the globe. The organization also works to develop government conservation strategies. The organization’s website provides a wealth of resources for policymakers, educators, partners, and students.
Seed Libraries
Hundreds of seed libraries exist across the globe as an exchange, or to give out seeds (typically for free) to share in communities to promote gardening and farming for food security and biodiversity. Many focus on local and heirloom varieties and are located in public libraries, college libraries, botanical gardens, and other places.
Some seed libraries, like one in Mystic, Connecticut, also have a garden where the community can plant food, something that empowers community resilience. Many others hold workshops, events, and other educational programming to help educate about seed sovereignty, seed saving, and urban agriculture.
During the pandemic, teenager Alicia Serratos created 3 Sisters Seed box as a Girl Scout project that turned into a movement and involved sending out seed starter kits to have at least two seed libraries in each state. Seed Savers Exchange donated heirloom seeds, while Community Seed Network mapped locations.
While many libraries were closed during that time, some offered curbside pickup.
Locate a seed library near you with this online tool.
How You Can Save Seeds
So now that you learned about the importance of seed saving, maybe you’d like to start trying to do so yourself? Here are some tips and basics.
● According to the Seed Savers Exchange, start with easy crops like peas, beans, lettuce, and tomatoes. These are annual, self-pollinating, and reliable seed producers.
● Grow enough plants. Some crops have a hard time producing seeds when other crops are around.
● Seed maturity is incredibly important. Harvesting seeds when they are too immature means they will not store well or germinate.
● Growing plants to save seeds is not the same as growing them to eat, because when certain crops, like lettuce, are able to yield mature enough seeds to harvest, the rest of the plant wilts and tastes bitter. So growing a few extra plants for seeding purposes is recommended. There are some exemptions, like squash and pumpkins, since we eat those in full maturity.
● According to Modern Farmer, don’t save hybrid variety seeds. Marked F1 on packages, these are cross-bred varieties. The only way to reproduce a hybrid plant is to cross the two original parents — otherwise it will grow a plant with random traits. Better to stick with heirloom varieties.
Wet Seeds Versus Dry Seeds
Sometimes seeds are classified by their processing method, which is either wet or dry. Dry seeds come from pods, husks, or ears, as opposed to wet, which come from inside the fruit, like with tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, and squash.
Processing dry seeds involves winnowing, which is separating heavier and lighter components with wind or blowing air, like husk from a seed. It also involves threshing, which is removing seeds from plants and breaking down the plant material. This can be done by hand or in larger operations with machines.
With wet seeds, much of the seeds are in amniotic sacs. Since these are designed to retain moisture, you can’t just spread them out to dry (unless you want them to grow immediately); a fermentation process to remove the pulp from the seed is needed for seeds that you store for future harvests.
Seeds can be separated by size, shape, and weight.
Storing Seeds
Seeds can be stored in tightly sealed glass containers or in small paper packets together in a container. Seeds should be kept at a dry and cool temperature between 32 degrees and 41 degrees Fahrenheit. Refrigerators or freezers could be ideal for storage. Some seed types can be stored in basements below 55 degrees.
Moisture and temperature management are critical so seeds don’t decay or sprout prematurely. When putting seeds into plastic or paper bags, it’s important to try to remove as much air as possible and check for moisture.
Using silica gel packets, powdered milk, or rice in storage vessels also helps trap moisture that makes its way into your containers and provides added protection.
Libby Leonard
Libby Leonard is a Hawaii-based journalist with work in National Geographic, SF Gate, Yes! Magazine, The Guardian, Civil Eats, and Modern Farmer. She is also a member of the Society of Environmental Journalists.
(Sources: EcoWatch)
Đăng nhận xét