Two new analyses show that companies reliant on agricultural commodities like beef, palm oil, pulp and paper, and soy have underestimated the risk of deforestation in their supply chains and are unlikely to achieve their current time-bound goals for severing ties with forest destruction.

London-based non-profit CDP, formerly known as the Carbon Disclosure Project, released a report earlier this month, produced on behalf of 365 investors representing $22 trillion in funds, that analyzes data disclosures by 187 companies regarding their deforestation risk management strategies.

CDP’s analysis found that these global corporations — including consumer companies like Colgate Palmolive, L’Oréal, McDonald’s Corporation, and Marks & Spencer as well as major global commodities traders such as Archer Daniels Midland and Bunge — rely on the four main deforestation-linked agricultural commodities (cattle products, palm oil, soy, and timber products) for nearly a quarter of their revenues.

Yet despite the significant share of their income that is dependent on these commodities, just 42 percent of the companies surveyed have evaluated their supply chains in order to determine how their growth strategies for the next five years will be impacted by the availability or quality of those raw materials. CDP says that this suggests that companies are overlooking potential business risks linked to deforestation, including impacts arising from the physical effects of climate change on the quality, availability, and pricing of commodities; tighter regulations; and brand damage from increasing scrutiny of commodity-sourcing practices.

More than 80 percent of the agricultural producer companies that sit atop global commodity supply chains say they have already seen their operations impacted by links to deforestation over the past five years, leading to substantive changes to their business practices. Marfrig Global Foods, for instance, reported that drought conditions resulted in higher operating costs and reduced beef production in the Brazilian industry.

“Companies need to address the sustainability of products that drive deforestation quite simply to protect their balance sheets,” Katie McCoy, head of forests at CDP, said in a statement. “Supply chains are like rows of dominoes: if unsustainable commodities enter the top of a supply chain, the effects will cascade throughout. Failing to address deforestation will have knock-on reputational impacts, manifesting themselves as consumer boycotts, community opposition, and increased regulatory scrutiny. Business growth is at risk.”

Many of these companies understand the risks climate change, to which global deforestation is a major contributor, pose to their business operations. About a dozen companies assessed in the CDP report — including L’Oreal, Nike, Virgin Atlantic Airways LLC, and Unilever — are among the more than 360 American companies that signed a letter to US President-elect Donald Trump last month calling on him not to withdraw the US from the Paris Climate Agreement specifically because they believe it will harm their business prospects in the future.

Another new report found that the pace at which many companies are taking action to remove deforestation from their supply chains is not matching the urgency of the climate crisis the world faces, however.

In its third annual ranking of what it calls the “Forest 500,” the UK-based think tank Global Canopy Programme (GCP) looked at the deforestation policies of the world’s most “influential tropical forest powerbrokers,” including companies, governments, and financial institutions.

GCP found that 11 percent of the companies tracked by its Forest 500 program established new deforestation policies or improved existing ones in 2016, but that 57 percent of companies still have weak policies or no policies whatsoever regarding the forest destruction linked to their operations. Furthermore, GCP adds, there has only been a five-percent increase in the number of companies with deforestation policies that cover all commodities in their supply chains over the past three years, and of the 11 companies that currently have cross-commodity zero-deforestation commitments in place, nearly 60 percent have policies that are limited to a specific geographic region or otherwise only cover a portion of the company’s supply chain.

The cattle products sector, in particular, lacks robust deforestation policies, according to the GCP report. Just 26 percent of companies operating in this supply chain have a policy to address environmental impacts from the production, trade, or sourcing of commodities like beef and leather.

Meanwhile, even as tropical forest countries are increasingly committing themselves to addressing the deforestation driven by production of agricultural commodities within their borders, major importers like China, the EU, India, and the US have yet to adopt strong demand-side commitments to halt deforestation. Germany and the Netherlands are the only importer countries in the Forest 500 that were found to formally support nationwide sustainable commodity use or import initiatives.

GCP’s 2016 analysis found that three percent of financial institutions in the Forest 500 have committed to removing deforestation associated with all four of the major deforestation-driving agricultural commodities from their portfolios, and another 25 percent have a lending or investment policy for some, but not all, of those commodities. Less than one-fifth of the 150 financial institutions assessed in 2016 have a policy to protect intact, high-conservation-value, and natural forests.

But 75 percent of the lenders that do have deforestation policies in place have made loans — totaling over $64 billion — to processors, producers, or traders that do not have aligned policies, GCP found, showing that even those financial institutions that have pledged to tackle deforestation are failing to actually implement their policies.

The 2016 Forest 500 rankings weren’t all bad news, however. Three companies made particularly encouraging progress, GCP said: US-based Colgate-Palmolive, UK-based Marks and Spencer, and Norway-based Orkla Group strengthened their deforestation policies such that they scored the maximum five points on the Forest 500 scorecard.

Three financial institutions also scored top marks: Germany’s Deutsche Bank, the UK’s HSBC, and France’s BNP Paribas all have policies that set clear expectation for clients to make their own zero net deforestation commitments and protect land with high cultural, ecological, or social value.

And the majority of countries — 18 out of 25 — as well as sub-national jurisdictions — seven out of 10 — in the Forest 500 have policies to tackle forest loss through means such as reducing the rate of deforestation, expanding the area of forest under protection, or preventing deforestation in a particular biome.

Still, given the current rate of progress, GCP stated that ambitious deforestation targets for 2020 and 2030, such as those committed to by the Consumer Goods Forum and signatories to the New York Declaration on Forests, aren’t likely to be met.

“Despite growing momentum in the number of commitments across key supply chain actors, the Forest 500 reveals that many of these commitments lack the teeth to make meaningful change in the sustainability of commodity production,” Sarah Lake, who heads the Supply Chains program at GCP, said in a statement. “While they appear ambitious on face value, company policies need to close loopholes that simply relocate environmental and social impacts to new geographies, or sequester them into less sustainable supply chains.”