A brief guide to the intergovernmental negotiations taking place this month in Montreal, Canada, that have a crucial role to play in halting biodiversity loss and restoring nature.
Biodiversity encompasses the full variety of life – all genes, species and ecosystems – and it is in danger. That means we are too. As this article explains, a UN biodiversity conference will see countries come together from 7–19 December to clinch a deal on a crucial plan to halt biodiversity loss and restore nature.
Ahead of COP15, Elizabeth Mrema, the UN biodiversity’s head, has described the conference as “a Paris moment for biodiversity”, in reference to 2015’s landmark Paris Agreement on climate change.
Calling for ambitious outcomes, she says: “Clearly the world is crying out for change, watching as governments seek to heal our relationships with nature.”
• What does COP15 stand for?
• The CB-what?
• When will COP15 take place – and where?
• Why is biodiversity important?
• What is the intended outcome of COP15?
• Haven’t we been here before?
• What’s different this time?
• How is the plan shaping up?
• Does the CBD need an apex target?
• Who leads the talks and why is this significant?
• Which other countries will be key to the talks?
• What sticking points can we expect?
• Who will attend COP15?
• What do the talks mean for endangered species?
• Did COP27 help facilitate the success of COP15?
• Will COP15 succeed?
What does COP15 stand for?
COP15 is shorthand for the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). In fact, COP15 includes meetings of parties to three international agreements: the CBD and its two subsidiary protocols, namely the Cartagena Protocol on biosafety and the Nagoya Protocol on access to genetic resources and fair and equitable benefit-sharing.
The CB-what?
The CBD was agreed at the Earth Summit in Brazil in 1992. It has three objectives: the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. Some 195 countries and the European Union are now parties to the CBD. The United States is the only member state of the United Nations that has not ratified the agreement. The CBD’s Cartagena Protocol has 173 parties and its Nagoya Protocol has 137.
When will COP15 take place – and where?
COP15 was meant to take place in the Chinese city of Kunming in October 2020, but it was delayed four times due to the pandemic. To maintain momentum, China officially opened COP15 in Kunming in October 2021, a largely online event at which parties to the CBD adopted the non-binding Kunming Declaration. With Covid-19 restrictions still in place in China, the CBD Secretariat announced that the main part of the COP15 meeting would take place in Montreal, Canada, on 7–19 December 2022. China will remain the official President of the meeting.
Why is biodiversity important?
Our fate is inextricably linked to that of the rest of nature. The latest WWF’s Living Planet Report warned that global wildlife populations declined by 69% on average from 1970 to 2018. The accelerating loss of nature has already impacted human well-being and economies. Healthy ecosystems also play indispensable roles in tackling climate change, and the loss of biodiversity weakens our resilience to that change.
What is the intended outcome of COP15?
To reverse biodiversity loss, negotiations at COP15 will centre on finalising the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. This is a strategy, with goals and targets for countries to achieve, individually and collectively, in the next decade and beyond. The aim is to set humanity on course for achieving the CBD’s overall vision of “living in harmony with nature” by 2050.
Haven’t we been here before?
Sadly, yes. In 2002, parties to the CBD committed “to achieve by 2010 a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss”. They failed. In 2010 they met in Japan and agreed on a new plan, which included the 20 Aichi Targets. But not one of these targets was fully met by the 2020 deadline. At the UN biodiversity conference in 2018, all parties agreed on developing new targets under a Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework to replace the Aichi Targets.
What’s different this time?
The Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework’s goals will be more “outcome-oriented” than before, with clearly articulated and time-bound aims underpinned by targeted actions to address the drivers of biodiversity loss.
Parties and shareholders will also pay more attention to implementation and fund raising. David Cooper, CBD’s deputy executive secretary, says a key part of the talks will focus on strengthening the mechanism to monitor and assess countries’ progress on fulfilling their commitments. To support implementation, they will also scale up efforts to raise funds and resources from all sources.
“What we’re seeing this time compared to 2010 is even more serious attention on the need to raise resources to support the implementation,” Cooper says.
How is the plan shaping up?
A CBD working group co-chaired by representatives of Canada and Uganda is developing the text of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework for CBD parties to finalise and agree at COP15. The latest version has four long-term goals for 2050 and 22 targets to achieve by 2030.
The four goals focus respectively on conservation, sustainable use of biodiversity, fair benefit-sharing, and adequate means of implementation – meaning money, as well as technical capacities. The targets cover a wide range of topics, from expanding protected areas and reducing pollution to ensuring that food production is sustainable and phasing out billions of dollars of public subsidies that harm nature.
But already two years late, the Global Biodiversity Framework is still far from complete. Negotiators have only finalised two of the 22 draft targets so far. Square brackets surround much of the text, meaning parties have not agreed on the wording or whether even to include the subject.
The working group’s fourth meeting in Nairobi in June 2022 was meant to be its last. But it made so little progress that an extra meeting will take place on 3–5 December in Montreal, just before COP15.
Does the CBD need an apex target (like the Paris Agreement’s 1.5C)?
Scientists, nongovernmental organisations and parties to the CBD are split about whether or not to have a top-level target to be achieved by 2030, such as an overall biodiversity status or global rate of extinction. Some believe it would help. Others say it would distract from the work of implementing the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework and that it is impossible to capture the complexity of ecosystems and species with a single metric.
Who leads the talks and why is this significant?
China holds the rotating Presidency of the Conference of Parties to the CBD. Its minister of ecology and environment, Huang Runqiu, will preside over the talks in Montreal. It is the first time China has overseen major intergovernmental negotiations on the environment. This provides China with an opportunity to showcase its efforts to protect biodiversity both at home, through its vision of “ecological civilisation” and use of “ecological redlining”, and abroad, through greening its Belt and Road Initiative. But COP15 also presents a significant challenge to China. It will need to work hard and creatively to bring other nations together and achieve consensus on an ambitious agreement.
Which other countries will be key to the talks?
Costa Rica and France co-chair the High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People, which includes more than 100 countries that support the goal of protecting 30% of land and ocean by 2030. Separately, leaders of 93 countries and the European Union have endorsed the Leaders’ Pledge for Nature, committing to reversing biodiversity loss by 2030. The members of these alliances come from all world regions and include rich and developing countries. But there are some notable absences, including Brazil, Indonesia and South Africa. These countries hold a large share of the world’s biodiversity, so they are influential players in the COP15 talks. Among other things, they will want to see firm commitments of finance from industrialised countries before they consider agreeing to other proposals.
What sticking points can we expect?
Much of COP15 will focus on the final content of targets in the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. In these negotiations, nothing will be agreed until everything is agreed. While many countries want to include the target of protecting 30% of the planet, others will seek changes in other parts of the framework before agreeing to that. Argentina and Brazil, for example, are likely to resist targets that restrict agriculture. And while the EU strongly supports a target on pesticides, other parties are less interested. The overall outcome of COP15 will therefore depend on how parties trade off demands in some areas of the framework against concessions in others.
One of the most significant topics the COP15 negotiators must grapple with concerns digitally stored information on genetic sequences. Companies could profit from such information, such as by developing new medicines without needing physical access to the species in question. This means they could avoid having to comply with CBD rules on sharing benefits arising from the use of genetic resources with the country of origin. While some parties say digital sequence information is beyond the remit of the CBD’s Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing, others say a failure to address this issue could render the protocol useless.
As mentioned above, a major sticking point will be about “resource mobilisation”, in other words, how to fund activities to implement the new framework and, specifically, how much richer countries will provide to help poorer ones to conserve their biodiversity. Brazil and 22 other countries have called for rich countries to provide at least US$100 billion a year until 2030. That figure is in the latest draft of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, but like much of the rest of the text, it remains up for debate in Montreal in December 2022. The big question is, will countries build on the draft and raise ambition or water down what is there?
Who will attend COP15?
Elizabeth Mrema, the CBD’s executive secretary, says over 10,000 delegates, including representatives of all 196 parties to the CBD, have registered to be at COP15. However, Mrema is not expecting any heads of state or government to attend.
Instead, over 100 ministerial-level officials will join the “high-level” segment on 15–17 December, though not all countries will send a minister. The remainder of COP15 will involve negotiating decisions that all parties can agree to by the conference’s end. Civil society groups, indigenous peoples, scientists, representatives from business and finance will all participate as observers and through side events. Hundreds of journalists will cover the talks.
What do the talks mean for endangered species?
COP negotiations rarely mention individual species, but there is a proposed goal of reducing extinctions and increasing population sizes. Decisions made at COP15 will therefore have a bearing on the fates of everything from pangolins and jaguars to coral reefs and monkey puzzle trees – and our own species too.
Did COP27 help facilitate the success of COP15?
The UN climate change conference COP27 in Egypt concluded less than three weeks before the kick-off of COP15 in Montreal. The agendas of the UN treaties on climate change and biodiversity have increasingly intersected. This reflects a growing understanding of the linkages between the two issues and the need for integrated solutions.
The final deal struck by parties at COP27 highlighted the interconnectivity between climate and biodiversity and the urgency to address biodiversity loss. However, the agreement fell short of mentioning COP15. If it had, say biodiversity NGOs, that would have signalled the importance of a successful deal in Montreal to reverse biodiversity loss and fight climate change.
Meanwhile, countries did seize the opportunity to remove some obstacles for the CBD negotiations, with environment ministers meeting on the sidelines of COP27 to discuss unresolved issues, Mrema, the CBD’s executive secretary, said in an interview with Diálogo Chino.
Will COP15 succeed?
There have been high hopes that COP15 would impel countries, businesses and citizens to act on biodiversity loss in the same way that the Paris Agreement has increased action on climate change. But “the process has reached a crisis point” according to the Wildlife Conservation Society, Greenpeace, Avaaz, the International Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity and other organisations.
In an open letter to the UN secretary-general, António Guterres, and the heads of state of parties to the CBD, published in June 2022, they decried “a notable absence of the high-level political engagement, will and leadership to drive through compromise and to guide and inspire the commitments that are required”. The letter called for Guterres and the governments of Canada and China to convene world leaders before COP15 to rectify the situation.
This did not happen. And with COP15 finally in sight after two years of delays, there is very little time left for political breakthroughs – and much of the world’s attention is elsewhere. The public pressure and media coverage that could tip the balance are also lacking. In this respect, the decision to hold COP15 at the same time as the 2022 FIFA World Cup may turn out to be an own goal.
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