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How to manage six prevalent invasive species

Content provided by Southern Company
Kudzu
Photo: Creative Commons
Not all new species introduced to an area are invasive, but those that are can have a negative effect on the ecology and biological diversity of a region as the invasive species tend to outcompete and at times eradicate their native counterparts. Here are six notorious invasive species. These range from plants originating in China to fish weighing upwards of 50 pounds. We look at their origins, why they’re invasive and what we can do to contain or eradicate them.
Alabama bassAlabama Bass (Photo: Creative Commons)

Alabama Bass

How did it get here? The Alabama (or Coosa) bass (Micropterus henshalli) isn’t your typical invasive species in the sense that its origins aren’t too far away from where it’s currently thriving. The Alabama bass was recently classified as a unique species from the spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus) and it made its way from the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa river basin in Northwest Georgia and Alabama to adjacent river basins, such as the Mississippi. Anglers are likely responsible for most of this movement, whether intentionally or by accident. Some of the invasive species you’ll read about below come from all over the world, whereas the Alabama bass is closely linked to the spotted bass. So close, in fact, that the only sure fire way to tell the difference is to count the scales or do a genetic analysis.
Why is it considered invasive? Basically the Alabama bass is taking over the neighborhood by dominating the gene pool. Through active mating and genetic swamping, the Alabama bass is eradicating some native species. At the current rate of population growth, native bass species in some rivers and lakes are incapable of thriving due to Alabama bass saturating the fisheries.
What can be done to manage this species? One current hope is to stock the native species to full capacity, giving them a competitive advantage when it comes to population growth. This method is unproven, however. Some natural resource management agencies are removing bag limits on Alabama bass outside of their native range, but there are too few anglers to help curb the population this way. The only way to keep the Alabama bass from taking over is to prevent their spread into new basins where they currently do not reside.
Chinese Privet Chinese Privet (Photo: Creative Commons)

Chinese Privet

How did it get here? Remember when we said some species came from around the world? The Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) is a perfect example. Imported from China and Europe in the mid-1800s, the Chinese privet was originally intended to be an ornamental plant as it can be pruned into a dense hedge.
Why is it considered invasive? Remember how we said Chinese privet could be pruned into a dense hedge? Well, that density can be very detrimental to the surrounding plants that cannot tolerate the shade. The Chinese privet is a bit of a sun hog, and the native plants trying to grow beneath it suffer the consequences and begin to die off while the Chinese privet thrives. Another tool used by the Chinese privet is its own seeds. Area birds consume the purple fruit and distribute the seeds, facilitating expansion of the Chinese privet.
What can be done to manage this species? The Chinese privet is very difficult to eradicate if there are nearby seed sources. It can be controlled, however, with careful herbicide use. Some effective methods include applying glyphosate to foliage or freshly cut stumps, particularly during the growing season, which begins just after the beginning of spring. Another method is to uproot seedlings, which can be easily accomplished in moist soil.
Hydrrilla Hydrilla (Photo: Southern Company)

Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrilla)

How did it get here? There are two biotypes of the submerged aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata—monoecious, which has both male and female flowers on the same plant, and dioecious, which has male and female flowers on separate plants. The former originated in Korea while the latter came from southern India. The dioecious version was introduced via the aquarium plant trade in southern Florida in the late 1950s. By the 1970s it had spread all over Florida. The current hypothesis is that unsuspecting aquarium owners dumped contents of their aquariums with the Hydrilla plants in nearby water bodies, thus beginning the spread. Only a small fragment of a Hydrilla plant is needed to begin an entire colony.
The monoecious type was introduced farther north, in the Mid-Atlantic States and in the Potomac River Basin. It has since spread to many parts of the northeastern and southeastern U.S. The monoecious version is thought to have hitched a ride with boats and boat trailers, going from one body of water to the next. This helped it spread quickly over a wide range.
Why is it considered invasive? Hydrilla takes a page out of the Chinese privet playbook—it shades and outcompetes important native submersed plants such as pondweeds and coontails, blanketing the surface of the water with thick mats, resulting in altered water chemistry and dissolved oxygen levels. It does so quickly, too, as it can grow an inch each day. Hydrilla slows water flow and can clog culverts, water control intakes, and pumping stations with its thick floating mats. It also interferes with hydroelectric power generation by clogging intakes. Hydrilla also interferes with boating, swimming, and fishing.
What can be done to manage this species? Many environmental agencies conduct annual surveys to identify, map and assess the degree of Hydrilla spread. This is usually followed by an application of EPA-approved aquatic herbicides to the infested areas. The problem with Hydrilla is how quickly it grows. Once it invades a system, the goal becomes less about eradication and more about containment. Stakeholders can assist with containment by inspecting their boats and trailers and removing any Hydrilla fragments before entering or leaving water bodies.
Egeria densaEgeria densa (Photo: Creative Commons)

Egeria densa (Egeria)

How did it get here? Egeria densa is native to Brazil and coastal Uruguay. Much like Hydrilla, Egeria came to America through the aquarium trade; its first reported arrival was in 1893 in the Long Island, NY area. As with Hydrilla, Egeria was most likely dumped into water sources by unknowing aquarium owners, allowing it to traverse waterways.
Why is it considered invasive? Egeria densa, as its name suggests, can be very dense. It can also rapidly expand its biomass, outcompeting native vegetation. This creates monospecific stands, which leads to less biodiversity. Egeria can fill waterways with its thick growth pattern and hinder recreational use such as fishing, swimming and boating. Egeria densa also blocks out sunlight to the water column leading to dissolved oxygen deficits.
What can be done to manage this species? Management typically comes down to containment as once Egeria becomes established it can be difficult to eradicate. Targeted use of EPA-approved aquatic herbicides to keep the crop to the lowest feasible levels is usually the course of action. The use of herbicides begins in May and is sustained until early fall. As with Hydrilla, stakeholders can help by checking boats and trailers for any fragments and removing before entering and leaving any water bodies.
Flathead catfish Flathead catfish (Photo: Creative Commons)

Flathead Catfish

How did it get here? The flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivarisis) is native to the Mississippi River basin, however the fish has been transferred east of the Appalachian Mountains, outside of its natural range. Flatheads are excellent table fare and can reach large (regularly exceeding 50 pounds) sizes quickly. This makes them incredibly popular with anglers, which is why the fish were transferred in the first place.
Why is it considered invasive? Do you remember the schoolyard bully? Well, that’s what the flathead catfish is to the native species. They are voracious predators and have decimated native redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus) populations in many areas. Redbreast fisheries are virtually nonexistent in many rivers where flatheads have become established.
What can be done to manage this species? There are few options on the table for controlling flathead catfish. Some states are using electrofishing to actively remove adult flathead catfish from the population. This technique cannot fully eradicate flatheads from a river, but it has proven effective in reducing the average size of adult flatheads, providing some respite for redbreast sunfish survival. This technique must be implemented annually or the fish community will quickly revert. The only way to eradicate flathead catfish would be by using a piscicide such as rotenone. However this is not a viable option in most scenarios, as it would also kill all non-target fish species.
Kudzu 2Kudzu (Photo: Creative Commons)

Kudzu

How did it get here? Ah yes, there couldn’t be a list about invasive species without talking about Kudzu (Pueraria montana). Originally planted as a landscape ornamental in Philadelphia in 1876, by the early 1900s Kudzu was being promoted for livestock forage as well as being promoted by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service for controlling soil erosion.
Why is it considered invasive? Anyone who lives in the Deep South knows all too well why Kudzu is considered invasive. It takes over everything, blanketing the area in a sea of green leaves. Like Chinese privet, Kudzu throws shade all over native species. However, Kudzu is an even greater threat because it can climb and shade out the tallest trees, often resulting in significant economic loss through timber damage. And the resulting snags can be hazardous to people living nearby when they eventually fall. The ecological damage Kudzu inflicts can be very serious when it threatens the existence of rare plants and sensitive natural communities.
What can be done to manage this species? Persistence pays off when dealing with Kudzu. The longer a stand has been established, the larger the root system will be. This means the resistance to control will be higher, making the job of containment and removal more difficult. One key to removal and containment is to target Kudzu stands with herbicides during the growing season. However applications must typically be repeated in successive years as the large roots re-sprout; Kudzu is nothing if not stubborn. Make sure to employ herbicides well in advance of the winter season to give them enough time to penetrate the root system. Perhaps a more ”green” method is to employ persistent grazing to help control and eventually eliminate patches.
Southern Company takes an active role helping control, contain and eliminate invasive species. Through its Longleaf Stewardship Fund and the FiveStar and Urban Waters Restoration Program, Southern Company has awarded several grants to recipients around the South with the goal of combating invasive plants and wildlife, among other objectives. The aforementioned invasive species are just a few of the nuisances faced in the region. With the help of conscientious stakeholders as well as organizations such as Southern Company doing their part, we can help keep native species thriving in our neighborhoods.
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Healing with nature


The use of traditional herbal medicines in Vietnam is chronicled in a handbook produced by a prodigious researcher in the field.

●By Jon Anderholm on March 15,2015 08:09 AM
Healing with naturePhoto: Shutterstock
Several years ago, while attending a meeting of the Climate Change Working Group at the Hanoi NGO Center, I met Dr Tran Cong Khanh. He was attending the meeting, I believe, because he saw the use of Vietnam’s traditional herbal medicines as a means to reduce our planet’s rising fever due to global warming. His book, the ‘Handbook of the Use and Development of Medicinal Plants in Viet Nam’, is his magnum opus, his life’s work, comprising the description and use of more than 300 plants. So far it is only available in Vietnamese.
Dr Khanh spent more than 40 years at the Hanoi University of Medicine and Pharmacy, doing research and teaching. Earlier, between 1954 and 1959, he conducted practical studies in ethno-traditional medicines at the same university. He has a PhD in Botany (1971) and a Doctorate of Science in Plant Taxonomy (1985) from Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany.
Community training
Community training
He established an NGO called CREDEP - the Center for Research and Development of Ethno-medicinal Plants - in 1993. The organisation consists of biological scientists, professors, physicians, pharmacists, lawyers and traditional healers. Some of their work is in basic research and the survey of biodiversity, conservation, and the sustainable use and development of p
lant resources, especially medicinal plants. Another of their projects is to study and propagate valuable and/or threatened plant species in the forest or home gardens for community needs. A good part of the NGO’s goals can be seen as leading to poverty alleviation and providing for the healthcare needs of ethnic communities. Ecological benefits from the forest conservation and restoration are also realised.
Given that Vietnam has a history of using over 4,000 plant species in its traditional medicine pharmacology, the economic benefit from local traditional medicine production is also a motivating factor. Ninety per cent of the pharmaceutical materials currently imported into Vietnam could be replaced by an indigenous traditional medicine industry.
The following are only a few of the traditional medicine plants contained in Dr Khanh’s handbook. All of the information on the plants in the book is accompanied by a photograph or sketch, most of which were taken or collected by Dr Khanh. The handbook is well cross-referenced with scientific names, Vietnamese names, and uses in treatment. There are plans to translate it into English, in the hope of bringing its information to a wider audience.
Virgin Crila (Trinh nu crila)
Crinum latifolium L.
Crinum latifolium L.
Leading botanical scientists of traditional medicine in Vietnam have found a plant called Virgin crila (Crinum latifolium L.), a beautiful white lily that has special chemicals and biological properties shown to be useful in the treatment of tumours and the reduction of prostate inflammation. There is much anecdotal and clinical research confirming these claims. This new variety - Virgin crila, which belongs to the Royal Virgin (Trinh nu hoang cung) species discovered in the 1990s - is unique to Vietnam. Virgin crila can only be grown in a dry and hot climate and should be propagated in a clean organic environment with no artificial chemical pesticides.
Gac Fruit (Qua Gac)
Though known as Gac Fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis) in Vietnam, it is actually more associated with the cucumber or gourd family. The gac fruit is indigenous to East Asia but more extensively used in Vietnam for its nutritional and medicinal properties.
The brilliant-red fruit is harvested before the Tet holiday (Lunar New Year) and used to colour, decorate and enrich foods such as sticky rice, cakes and other pastries.
Photo: Shutterstock
Gac fruit. Photo: Shutterstock
Seeds from the gac fruit have a flesh covering that is rich in nutrients. This covering is made into gac oil that is then transformed into capsule or liquid form. Some of the rich nutrients of the gac fruit include Vitamin E, Beta-carotene Vitamin A (15 times more than carrots and 68 times more than tomatoes in the same quantity), Lycopene, proteins, and essential fatty oils.
The gac oil has healing characteristics for skin disorders, burns (even radioactive burns), open wounds, treatment in surgical recovery and vision problems. Studies have shown that the protein-rich gac fruit has been used for the alleviation of malnutrition in the diets of poor children. The essential gac oil, acting as Vitamin A, can foster healthy bodies in children and pregnant breastfeeding women. The gac seed, meanwhile, is used for the treatment of breast inflammation and for boils.
Small farmers cultivate gac fruit to enhance their incomes. It is easily grown on a trellis and takes up only a small amount of space in the garden.
Jiaogulan (Giao Co Lam)
Gymnostemma pentaphyllun
Gymnostemma pentaphyllun
Jiaogulan (Gymnostemma pentaphyllun) is a traditional medicine of northern Vietnam, China and much of East Asia. It is a climbing vine with small white flowers, and is usually used in the form of tea.
It’s commonly called the ‘immortality herb’ locally. Jiaogulan is widely thought of as a herb that promotes longevity and youthfulness and is considered a powerful antioxidant useful as a tumour inhibitor. Research has shown that Jiaogulan has proven effective against hypertension, reducing high blood pressure. A number of clinical studies have demonstrated that LDL (‘bad’ cholesterol) levels can be reduced while raising HDL (‘good’ cholesterol) levels. Pregnant or breastfeeding women as well as children should not use this traditional medicine.
Aloe Vera (Lo Hoi)
Aloe vera. Photo: Shutterstock
Aloe vera. Photo: Shutterstock
Even though the aloe vera (Aloe vera L.) plant is not endemic to Vietnam it has been used in traditional medicine for ages. Its origins are most likely from Africa, as it was used commonly in ancient Egypt. Carvings from Egypt 6,000 years ago show images of the plant.
Aloe vera is a green, short-stemmed succulent plant. Its leaves are thick, fleshy and full of liquid. Leaves of the aloe vera can often be found in the local supermarket, as local people use it extensively. Often it is grown in home gardens or offices for decoration and for use when needed.
The liquid from aloe vera is used in a variety of skin treatments. The juice can be used for the treatment of burns, sunburn, acne, skin irritations, cold sores, herpes and frostbite. Aloe vera is often used in soaps, shampoo and cosmetic products. The plant’s juice can also be ingested to support the health of the digestive system. Its anti-bacterial effects are important for internal healing, but take care not to have too much due to its toxicity.
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Behind the façade

07AM, 23 February
Though they take some tracking down, many of HCMC’s old buildings have taken on new lives as shops, galleries, restaurants and cafés.
  • VnEconomy - Nhịp sống kinh tế Việt Nam và thế giới
Vietnam EconomicTimes © 2014. All right reserved
An electronic media of Vietnam Economic Times - Thoi bao Kinh te Viet Nam.
Other publications of the contents this website as well as their reproductions must be approved in writing by Vietnam Economic Times.
Editor-in-Chief: Professor Dao Nguyen Cat
Licence No 04/GP-PTTH&TTDT on April 23,2014
Head Office: 98 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay District, Hanoi
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Rare aquatic cats that fish with their paws are on the brink of extinction


Researchers have launched a mission to find the Javan fishing cat.

BRYAN NELSON
August 22, 2016, 6:47 p.m.
fishing cat
A fishing cat perches near the water in search of prey. (Photo: Wiki Commons)
Cats are generally known for their aversion to water, but in the wet jungles of Southeast Asia there are cats that have had to adapt to a different lifestyle. The most extreme example of this is the fishing cat, an extraordinary aquatic feline with webbed feet that fishes for prey by using its paw as a lure.
Fishing cats are known to be capable of swimming long distances, even underwater. They fish by gently tapping the surface of water to mimic the ripples of insects at the surface. When unsuspecting fish come along, the cats strike and hook them with their claws.
Unfortunately, though, these cats are becoming as rare as they are unique. One particular subspecies, the Javan fishing cat, might just be the rarest cat in the world, and researchers fear it may already be extinct, reports New Scientist.
“Is it the rarest cat in the world? It quite possibly could be, if it’s still alive,” said Anthony Giordano, a conservation biologist and expert on the elusive feline.
Giordano is the leader of an expedition that seeks to discover proof that these beautiful creatures are still hanging on. The last one that was spotted and recorded by scientists was in the early 1990s, but there have been anecdotal clues since then. People have claimed to have spotted them, but it's possible these reports are actually of more common leopard cats, which possess similar markings on their coats.
“Fishing cat tracks are fairly distinctive. There’s very little you can confuse it with particularly on an island like Java,” explained Giordano. “Fishing cat tracks are really interesting in the sense that unlike other cats, on average you’ll see the claws in their prints due to their semi-retractable claw system.”
The biggest threat to fishing cats anywhere in the world — the island of Java especially — is habitat loss. They need to roam extensively through wetland and mangrove habitat, and human encroachment into this eco-zone is especially rampant. Just 12 percent of Java's original mangroves remain, leaving little room for cats to hide. If they do still survive, their population has likely been reduced to critical levels.
“It’s a small cat, but don’t tell the fishing cat that. It’s a really badass cat — they’re not to be trifled with,” boasted Giordano. “They’re also adaptable.”
So there's hope. And if the expedition does uncover proof that these cats are still alive, it could lead to stronger conservation programs. It would be a shame, indeed, to lose such a graceful, charismatic and peculiar cat.
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We can win on climate change - but without the UN


Assaad W. Razzouk
5th September 2014

Prospects for a global climate deal under the UN are receding fast, writes Assaad Razzouk, as the Green Climate Fund is short-changed by donor nations. But there's still plenty to hope for with a private sector that's stepping up to the mark, and fast-growing decentralised climate action.

There is no longer any viable solution likely to emerge from the UN climate talks. But there is still much to hope for in a world of decentralised climate action.
The climate community has been in a beehive of activity all summer as government officials, corporate leaders and climate activists prepare to congregate in New York City on 23rd September for a UN 'Climate Summit' convened by Secretary General Ban ki-Moon.
But recent moves by the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) have decisively undermined the entire edifice of UN climate talks - likely for the better given the appalling track record of climate action of the UN.
Since their inception in 1980, UN climate talks have been built on the premise that the developed world, responsible for most of the pollution since industrialization, will fund a global clean-up of the planet, partly directly and partly via institutions where they control the Board, such as the World Bank Group.
After all that's what rich developed countries, periodically feeling guilty, have promised at repeated climate talk venues.
The promised money never arrived
Over the past five years, the Green Climate Fund (or GCF) has been presented as the key vehicle via which $100 billion of funding per year will be diverted from rich to developing countries to help the latter mitigate emissions and adapt to climate change.
However, negotiations for a comprehensive climate deal have led nowhere as guilt is invariably replaced by political and financial reality, especially after the 2008 financial crisis.
For some 25 years now, dozens of poor developing countries have been sitting and waiting for the promised cash - but it hasn't come.
In the meantime, advanced developed economies like the BRICS countries have become cash rich and grown increasingly tired of the control exercised by developed countries on almost all multi-lateral and bi-lateral financial institutions - including the IMF, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and a multitude of Western bilateral development banks.
Some, like China, have grudgingly recognized that climate action promotes prosperity and stability: In part, because of a rapidly developing popular environmental consciousness in response to abject air and water pollution and chemical contamination; and also because China feels that clean green technology is an area where it can exercise strategic leadership in Asia and beyond.
BRICS mobilise a potential $300bn for climate action
As a result of the above factors, on 15 July, the BRICS countries launched, with an acute emphasis on sustainable development, the 'New Development Bank' or NDB with capital of US$100 billion.
They did not stop there and also announced the signing of a Treaty for the establishment of the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) with an initial size of $100 billion.  So that's $200 billion committed by five countries, in part, to mobilise resources for sustainable development in emerging economies. 
Furthermore, China's diplomatic corps has been doing the rounds in Asia in July and August, successfully mobilising support for another brand new $100 billion international institution, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). 
Together, the NDB, the CRA and the AIIB have mobilised $300 billion of cash completely outside the current UN climate construct. This substantial funding creates the potential of a new era for climate action.  
Now that China and India have put their hand in their pockets to fund their own - alternative - institutions, expect lots of recriminations and blame-shifting at forthcoming UN climate talks.
But don't expect decisive, or even constructive, outcomes:  A comprehensive climate change deal is not going to happen, because the industrialised countries won't come up with the money to fund it.
The 'Green Climate Fund' will never be properly capitalised
It was already clear at the UN climate talks that rich countries won't sign up to a deal unless substantial capital - and commitments - come also from China, India, oil-rich countries and other advanced developing countries. These calculations have now been overtaken by facts on the ground.
The Green Climate Fund won't be properly capitalised because the BRICS have now given up their attempts to take a leading role in the governance of the GCF and are writing $300 billion worth of cheques to alternative institutions.
By implication, they dismantled a key foundation of the UN climate talks. There is no way the US and the EU will write massive cheques for the GCF without some matching funding from the probable recipients of most of those funds, India and China. 
Where does all this leave climate action?  We must plan on the basis that UN climate talks won't get us anywhere and that we have entered a new era of decentralised climate action.
Climate failure is built into the World Bank's DNA
Clustered around the US and Europe, the World Bank Group, the IMF, regional multilaterals such as the Asian Development Bank and a mini-size Green Climate Fund will continue to be broadly ineffective in fighting climate change, a mission not embedded in their DNA.
For example, the World Bank still can't get the funding of coal-fired power plants out of its system and the IMF is blithely fighting fuel subsidies by driving countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh and Egypt to build more coal-fired power plants which the world's health can't afford. 
Clustered around China, new BRICS institutions will focus on infrastructure and sustainable development with a core focus on energy (50% of infrastructure spending). Energy won't spread to the 700 million Indians with little or no access to electricity unless it's distributed clean energy.
A solar revolution is under way in India, China, parts of South East Asia and in Africa. Expect China-backed institutions to have no choice (in no small part because of domestic pressure from their own citizens) but to back clean energy with significant dollars.
Setting carbon prices to spur private sector action
Stuck between these two clusters is the all-important but often neglected private sector - currently responsible for 62% of climate finance flows, 70% of global GDP and 70% of employment.
Private sector action remains, by far, our best hope - but to release its potential it needs an effective carbon price to allocate scarce resources away from the fossil fuel economy, and stimulate decisive global climate action.
Companies that want to get on with the job should campaign vigorously for a carbon price, or carbon prices, to support them. But the good news is, that carbon prices are already emerging across much of the world thanks to national and regional carbon markets and carbon taxes.
Domestic carbon markets are spreading, and are likely by 2015 to cover some 4 billion people: In addition to existing markets for emissions in Europe, national and regional carbon markets are springing up in Latin America (Chile, Mexico, large economic regions in Brazil); Asia (Kazakhstan, South Korea, Vietnam, New Zealand); and North America (Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, British Columbia, California and the Northeast US).
Carbon taxes are also spreading and are in place now in Europe (Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland), Asia (India, Japan and New Zealand) and Latin America (Costa Rica and Rio de Janeiro). China will have a national carbon tax in place after 2015 as well as a carbon market from 2016.
There is hope - just not from the UN climate process
But as the European emissions trading system (EU-ETS) has spectacularly shown, a price on carbon is not always effective - and indeed can be destructive and line the pockets of polluters with billions in windfall profits, at the expense of the public.
To avoid this regulators avoid repeating the mistakes of the EU-ETS - including over-allocation of permits and large-scale 'grandfathering' to existing polluters - and muster the courage to swat down fossil fuel lobbies to deliver a strong and rising price on pollution.
There is no longer any viable solution likely to emerge from the UN climate talks. But there is still much to hope for in a world of decentralised climate action.
The new BRICS mechanisms will, with their $300 billion in hand, have an important role to play in stimulating and supporting moves to a renewable energy future.

But the main contribution will come from the private sector which alone can deliver the technologies, innovation and investment needed to sustain a stable, equable global climate.
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